Geography - 2nd topic EQ 1 Flashcards
International migration
the movement of a population within a country
Natural change
Outcome of balance between births and deaths. Natural increase = births<deaths.>deaths</deaths.>
Ethnicity
cultural heritage shared by others, includes race, history, language and religion
Sense of place
Overarching impression encompassing general ways people feel about a place
Social isolation
A complete or nearly complete lack of contact with people and society.
Counter-urbanisation
The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural places
Suburbanisation
The outward spread of the built-up area, often at lower densities compared with older parts of a town or city.
Assimilation
The process by which people of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds come to interact and intermix
Social housing
Provides accommodation at affordable rents to people on low incomes
Perception
An individual’s or groups ‘picture’ of reality from what they’ve heard
Demographic
Means population or some aspect of it such as its size, rate of change, density and composition
Ethnic segregation
The voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities
Gentrification
A change in social status, where former working class inner-city areas are increasingly occupied
Low income households
Those earning 60% or less of median household income, after housing costs have been deducted
Culture
The ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society
How has the uk population changed
In the 1960s it was at its lowest at 52 million, it has continuous grown, now in 2020s it’s at 67 million, a 15 million increase in 60 years
Population distribution - England
Central London has a population density of 5000 per km2 and Birmingham and Manchester have 2500-4999 per km2
Population distribution - Scotland
There are 3 high population zones of 500-1000 per km2 these are Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen, no other exceed 200+
Population density - Wales
The south is where the highest pop is, Cardiff has 2500-4999 per km2, Swansea next biggest with 1000-2499 per km2
Population density - Northern Ireland
Highest pop in Belfast 2500-4999 per km2, Lisbon 2nd highest at 250-499 per km2 the rest is 249 per km2
Impacts on population density - physical environment
Houses on flat land - cheaper
Steep slopes and floodlands - expensive and difficult
Historical spread of urban areas has went outwards
Impacts on population density - Socioeconomic status
More wealthy people want to live in low housing areas - west
Away from pollution - the west
Poorer housing in east
High densities - low housing costs - east
Impacts on population density- household size and dwelling type
Dwelling type - high rise will cause high population density, estate will have lower
Household size - number of people living in dwelling type
Impacts on population density - functions
Population density is lower where there’s more non residential activities
These areas have more expensive housing
Impacts on population density - planning
Urban sprawl - cities grow, green belt land tries to contain these cities
Planning consent - how many dwelling units can be built
Uk population pyramid 2001 - 2011
Higher birth rate
Higher life expectancy - better health care + NHS
Higher working age - migrants
More population growth - natural increase + migration
Higher dependency - elderly, ageing population
Reasons for decrease in family size - UK
Emancipation - women work more, are in education
Infant mortality fallen
Contraception
Divorce
Population structure - Rural
Low pop
Internal migration
Old pop
Low fertility
High mortality
Low diversity
No international migration
Population structure - Urban
High pop
International migration
High fertility
High working age
High population
Diverse
Population structure - Urban + Rural
Attract internal migrants
Reasons for high mortality
Pop of commute village similar to urban area
UK - key trends between total population and annual change
From 1964-2004 annual change was under population. In 2006 it peaked and has stayed above population. But population also peaked and went above 60 million. In 1982 annual change was below 0%.
Population as a system
Inputs - births and immigrants
Outputs - deaths and emigrants
Births + deaths = natural change
Immigrants + emigrants = migrational change
UK - how has birth rates changed past 100 years
Industrial Revolution - infant mortality was high, so were birth rates
1950’s ghettos formed, had high birth rates
England, Scotland and wales have had low fertility until 1921
UK - how has death rates changed past 100 years
Industrial Revolution - horrible conditions high infant mortality
WW1 - young men killed
First half of 20th century, infant mortality declined - better healthcare
UK - how has immigration rates changed past 100 years
Improvements in agriculture, more people attracted to UK
Between 1801-1851 population of England doubled
Since 1950’s UK experienced high levels of immigration
UK - how has emigration rates changed past 100 years
1945-1982 ten pound Pom act encouraged people to leave Uk
1978 Canada introduced acts to make it easier for people to immigrate
Differences between Elswick and Jesmond
In Jesmond 59.4% of houses are not deprived, in Elswick only 26% aren’t.
In Jesmond 89.4% of residents are white British, in Elswick only 43.5% are.
Some reasons are education, jobs, house prices and upbringing
What is cultural diversity
Different races and religions within a city or society
Social clustering
Preference to live close to preferred people
Government policies
After WW2: labour shortages in textiles, public transport and NHS - government sponsored job advertisements overseas
Schengen Agreement - part of being in the EU, allowed free movement to EU countries
Accessibility to key cities
Settlement patters determined by easy access in key cities e.g. many Pakistani migrants located in northern England, like Lancashire in textile cities
How does migration affect the UK
Brings young workers, decreases the ageing population will also increase the population, more young people can equal increase in births
