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Geography - Mr Brown > Geography - 2nd topic EQ 1 > Flashcards

Geography - 2nd topic EQ 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

International migration

A

the movement of a population within a country

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2
Q

Natural change

A

Outcome of balance between births and deaths. Natural increase = births<deaths.>deaths</deaths.>

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3
Q

Ethnicity

A

cultural heritage shared by others, includes race, history, language and religion

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4
Q

Sense of place

A

Overarching impression encompassing general ways people feel about a place

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5
Q

Social isolation

A

A complete or nearly complete lack of contact with people and society.

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6
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural places

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7
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The outward spread of the built-up area, often at lower densities compared with older parts of a town or city.

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which people of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds come to interact and intermix

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9
Q

Social housing

A

Provides accommodation at affordable rents to people on low incomes

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10
Q

Perception

A

An individual’s or groups ‘picture’ of reality from what they’ve heard

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11
Q

Demographic

A

Means population or some aspect of it such as its size, rate of change, density and composition

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12
Q

Ethnic segregation

A

The voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities

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13
Q

Gentrification

A

A change in social status, where former working class inner-city areas are increasingly occupied

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14
Q

Low income households

A

Those earning 60% or less of median household income, after housing costs have been deducted

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15
Q

Culture

A

The ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society

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16
Q

How has the uk population changed

A

In the 1960s it was at its lowest at 52 million, it has continuous grown, now in 2020s it’s at 67 million, a 15 million increase in 60 years

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17
Q

Population distribution - England

A

Central London has a population density of 5000 per km2 and Birmingham and Manchester have 2500-4999 per km2

18
Q

Population distribution - Scotland

A

There are 3 high population zones of 500-1000 per km2 these are Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen, no other exceed 200+

19
Q

Population density - Wales

A

The south is where the highest pop is, Cardiff has 2500-4999 per km2, Swansea next biggest with 1000-2499 per km2

20
Q

Population density - Northern Ireland

A

Highest pop in Belfast 2500-4999 per km2, Lisbon 2nd highest at 250-499 per km2 the rest is 249 per km2

21
Q

Impacts on population density - physical environment

A

Houses on flat land - cheaper
Steep slopes and floodlands - expensive and difficult
Historical spread of urban areas has went outwards

22
Q

Impacts on population density - Socioeconomic status

A

More wealthy people want to live in low housing areas - west
Away from pollution - the west
Poorer housing in east
High densities - low housing costs - east

23
Q

Impacts on population density- household size and dwelling type

A

Dwelling type - high rise will cause high population density, estate will have lower
Household size - number of people living in dwelling type

24
Q

Impacts on population density - functions

A

Population density is lower where there’s more non residential activities
These areas have more expensive housing

25
Q

Impacts on population density - planning

A

Urban sprawl - cities grow, green belt land tries to contain these cities
Planning consent - how many dwelling units can be built

26
Q

Uk population pyramid 2001 - 2011

A

Higher birth rate
Higher life expectancy - better health care + NHS
Higher working age - migrants
More population growth - natural increase + migration
Higher dependency - elderly, ageing population

27
Q

Reasons for decrease in family size - UK

A

Emancipation - women work more, are in education
Infant mortality fallen
Contraception
Divorce

28
Q

Population structure - Rural

A

Low pop
Internal migration
Old pop
Low fertility
High mortality
Low diversity
No international migration

29
Q

Population structure - Urban

A

High pop
International migration
High fertility
High working age
High population
Diverse

30
Q

Population structure - Urban + Rural

A

Attract internal migrants
Reasons for high mortality
Pop of commute village similar to urban area

31
Q

UK - key trends between total population and annual change

A

From 1964-2004 annual change was under population. In 2006 it peaked and has stayed above population. But population also peaked and went above 60 million. In 1982 annual change was below 0%.

32
Q

Population as a system

A

Inputs - births and immigrants
Outputs - deaths and emigrants
Births + deaths = natural change
Immigrants + emigrants = migrational change

33
Q

UK - how has birth rates changed past 100 years

A

Industrial Revolution - infant mortality was high, so were birth rates
1950’s ghettos formed, had high birth rates
England, Scotland and wales have had low fertility until 1921

34
Q

UK - how has death rates changed past 100 years

A

Industrial Revolution - horrible conditions high infant mortality
WW1 - young men killed
First half of 20th century, infant mortality declined - better healthcare

35
Q

UK - how has immigration rates changed past 100 years

A

Improvements in agriculture, more people attracted to UK
Between 1801-1851 population of England doubled
Since 1950’s UK experienced high levels of immigration

36
Q

UK - how has emigration rates changed past 100 years

A

1945-1982 ten pound Pom act encouraged people to leave Uk
1978 Canada introduced acts to make it easier for people to immigrate

37
Q

Differences between Elswick and Jesmond

A

In Jesmond 59.4% of houses are not deprived, in Elswick only 26% aren’t.
In Jesmond 89.4% of residents are white British, in Elswick only 43.5% are.
Some reasons are education, jobs, house prices and upbringing

38
Q

What is cultural diversity

A

Different races and religions within a city or society

39
Q

Social clustering

A

Preference to live close to preferred people

40
Q

Government policies

A

After WW2: labour shortages in textiles, public transport and NHS - government sponsored job advertisements overseas

Schengen Agreement - part of being in the EU, allowed free movement to EU countries

41
Q

Accessibility to key cities

A

Settlement patters determined by easy access in key cities e.g. many Pakistani migrants located in northern England, like Lancashire in textile cities

42
Q

How does migration affect the UK

A

Brings young workers, decreases the ageing population will also increase the population, more young people can equal increase in births

Geography - Mr Brown (10 decks)

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