Geography CUE: 3.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.3 Flashcards
What is the urban form?
Urban form gives shape to places it is the physical expression of the qualities
The physical characteristics that make up built-up areas.
- Shape
- Density
- Size
- Shape
- Organisation
Examples of influence on urban form
Physical and Human Factors
Physical:
- Topography / Relief
- Natural Resources
- Coastlines
- Land type
Human:
- Government Policy
- Population movement
- Land value
- Transport
- Technology
- Trading Centres
- Infrastructure
Key Term: Inner City
This is an area of old housing and light manufacturing industry. This area dates back to the Industrial Revolution when it was comprised mainly of factories and terraced housing providing accommodation for the factory workers. Many British cities have witnessed regeneration within these areas in the last three decades
Key Term: Out-of-town retail development
Originally developed by large supermarkets, these spaces soon expanded to include non-food retail units and entertainment complexes. They have had a negative economic impact on some town and city centres. In 1994 the UK government started to actively discourage their development
Key Term: Industry
MAnufacturing industries often require large areas of land and tend to locate towards the edge of cities where cheaper land is available. De-industrialisation brought about the large-scale decline of manufacturing industry in British cities and former factory sites have either been demolished or converted into other land uses. The latter may still occupy their historical location in the inner city.
Key Term: Informal settlements
Also known as slums or shanty towns, these are a feature of cities in low-income countries. They have traditionally developed on the edge of cities although they are also found adjacent to transport routes or in areas of the city unpopular with residents such as rubbish dumps. Physical factors such as steep slopes, unstable land and areas prone to natural hazards may also encourage their development.
Key Term: Residential
These areas consist of housing from a range of periods, which has traditionally increased in both size and price as one moves towards the outskirts. However, urban regeneration schemes and gentrification has meant that some of the most expensive property can now be found in traditional ‘low class residential’ areas while council estates on the edge of cities are now amount some of the most depressed parts of British cities.
Key Term: CBD
This Central area contains the major shops, offices and entertainment facilities
Key Term: Business or Science Parks
These tend to be found on the edge of urban areas where there is good access to major roads. Some science parks are also located near to universities
Key Term: Green Parks
Such as parks tend to be dotted throughout and urban area. They range from large botanical gardens of national importance down to playgrounds within a housing estate.
Spatial Pattern of Land Use: URBAN LAND USE MODELS
Burgess Concentric Ring Model (1923)
- This model was developed in 1923 by E.W.Burgess
- The model how’s that the city grows outwards from the CBD. The next zone is where the industry and poorer quality housing can be found. This is where the new immigrants to the city live.
- The next zone is made up of independent workers houses occupied by the working class
- The next zone is occupied with better residences with more spacious houses.
- The final zone is the commuter zone where people commute from the suburbs into the centre
Negatives:
- Developed for American cities therefore limited application to other places
- Preindustrial cities especially in Europe do not allows follow this pattern, with many city centres being more important than the periphery’s of the city.
Spatial Pattern of Land Use: URBAN LAND USE MODELS
Hoyt Sector Model (1939)
- Developed in 1939 by H.Hoyt this model shows the city developing in a series of sectors, not rings
- In the centre is the CBD. As the city grows the, activities expand in a wedge from the centre.
- Once an area of higher class housing is developed, the most expensive houses are built on the outer edge of that district further from the centre
- The industrial and retail activities develop in other sectors, as well as low- class and middle-class residential sectors
Spatial Pattern of Land Use: URBAN LAND USE MODELS
Harris & Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model (1945)
- Developed in 1945 by C.D.Harris and E.L.Ullman
- According to this model, a city includes more than one centre around which activities resolve. Examples of include ports, universities and airports.
- This means that certain activities e.g. university’s will attract different people for example will educated people or different land uses for example bookshops whereas an airport for example may attract hotels and warehouses
- It also suggest that incompatible land for example high-class housing will not be placed next to industry
Spatial Pattern of Land Use: URBAN LAND USE MODELS
Vance Urban Realm Model (1964)
- Further consideration of previous models resulting in the creation of the urban realms model
- This shows faint conurbations (connected urban areas) that function separately in certain ways but are linked together in a greater metropolitan area
- In the 1950’s there was a rapid population diffusion to the outer suburbs creating new separate areas and reducing the volume and level of interaction between the central cities and these suburban areas
- By the 1970’s the outer cities were becoming increasingly independent of the CBD. This lead to the creation of ‘Edge Cities’
Spatial Pattern of Land Use: URBAN LAND USE MODELS
LATIN AMERICAN CITIES
Griffin & Ford Model of Latin American Cities (1980)
- Most of the work that has been done on developing cities is based on South American cities
- In 1980 a model was developed to describe the structure of cities in Latin America after research showed they followed a similar pattern
- This model shows that the cities are built around a core, from this centre there is a commercial spine that is surrounded by elite housing. These areas are then surrounded by three concentric zones of housing which decrease in quality further away from the core
Spatial Pattern of Land Use: URBAN LAND USE MODELS
LATIN AMERICAN CITIES
Ford Revised Model of Latin American Cities (1996)
- In 1996 the model was revised which made the model more complicated.
The new model included:
- The new central area should be divided into a CBD and a market. This change shows that many cities now have offices, hotels and shops in their downtowns as well as their original CBD’s
- The spine and elite residential sector now has a mall or edge city at the end to provide goods and services
- Many cities have separate industrial areas outside of the CBD
- Malls and edge cities are often connected with ring highways
- Many cities have middle class housing located close to the elite housing sector
- Some cities are undergoing gentrification to protect the historical landscapes.
Urban Form: New Urban Landscapes
EDGE CITIES
Edge cities - self-contained settlements with city like qualities which have emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as cities in their own right
(CBD like area on the edge of a city)
- Area of work and a commercial area
- New concept
- CBD qualities: lots of work space, more job that bedrooms, business area
E.g. Croydon (London)
–> Tech sector
La Defanse (Paris)
–> 3km from centre
Urban Form: New Urban Landscapes
FORTRESS LANDSCAPES
Fortress Landscapes - urban spaces designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion
(gated of area to prevent crime)
- Set behind a gated entrance
- To prevent antisocial behaviour
- ‘Defensible space’
- ‘design-out’
E.g. Hampstead Reach (London)
Urban Form: New Urban Landscapes
CULTURAL AND HERITAGE QUARTERS
Cultural and heritage quarters - Founded upon cultural and historical activity / production, with a focus on history / character / arts and creative industries in order to encourage growth / revitalise the local economy
(Attempt to stimulate growth & revitalise the economy in the arts and creative industries)
- Considered regeneration
- Often inner city / CBD area
- Areas of period decline
E.g. Northern Quarter (Manchester)
- run down / deprived
- Now full with independent businesses
Camden (London)
- Arts & craft market (4)
- 150,000 people visit a week
- Opportunity for starting businesses
- Was an old industrial warehouse
The Piece Hall (Halifax)
- Heritage
- Independent businesses
- Concerts
Urban Form: New Urban Landscapes
TOWN CENTRE MIXED DEVELOPMENT
Town centre mixed developments - new developments that contain a mi of functions
- Difference land uses for continuous use –> money all day
- Used all day, less likely to be damaged e.g. graffiti
Urban Form: New Urban Landscapes
GENTRIFIED AREAS
Gentrified areas - more affluent individuals / developers see the opportunity to buy property in a previously rundown area, usually in the inner city
- Inner city Regeneration involving the movement of affluent, middle class people into traditionally run down and cheaper areas of the inner city.
- Upgrade in local services and increases houses prices
- NOT government policy - all done by individuals, rundown areas
E.g. Notting Hill (London)
The concept of the post-mortem Western city
Postmodernism
Changes that took place in Western society and culture in the late twentieth century. It is mainly concerned with art and architecture, marking a departure from the conformity and uniformity of modernism.
Involves mixing different styles and architecture, such as - flowing lines with peaked, triangular and multi-faceted roofs. There is much more emphasis on ornamentation rather than the 1970’s modernist architecture which consisted of sharp lines and geometry
Post-mortem City: Urban Structure
A multi-store containing hi-tech corridors and post-suburban developments
Post-mortem City: Landscape
A landscape where the architecture is more of an expression of art than function. There is also a greater use of heritage
