Geography CUE: 3.2.3.1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Urbanisation?
A
The increasing proportion of people that live in towns and cities and can be regional, national, continental or international.
2
Q
What is Urban Growth?
A
An increase in the number of urban dwellers.
3
Q
What is Urban Sprawl?
A
The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. NOT THE POPULATION
4
Q
Consequences of Urban Sprawl?
A
- More roads and infrastructure required such as pipes, cables and wires.
- Loss of wildlife habitat / farmland & open spaces.
- Air pollution increased - car dependent lifestyles
5
Q
Consequences of Shortage of Housing: Shortage of Affordable Housing
A
- Rising demand for accommodation (UK) has meant that house prices have increased and rental costs soared.
- Gentrification - properties purchased by wealthy foreign investors.
6
Q
Consequences of Shortage of Housing: Shortage of Quality Housing
A
- Shortage of accommodation = large areas of informal and inadequate housing on the edge of the city.
- Limited access to basic infrastructure and lack services.
7
Q
Consequences of lack of urban services & waste disposal
A
- Lack of electricity and water services
- Limited maintenance of infrastructure such as roads, sewers and drainage.
- Rapid spread of disease
8
Q
Consequences of employment
A
- Pressure to create sufficient jobs
- Migrants move to the city for work they can find
9
Q
Consequences of traffic
A
- Increased traffic issues
- Congestion
- Pollution
- Unplanned cities
10
Q
What is a Millionaire city?
A
More than 1 million inhabitants
11
Q
What is a Megacity?
A
More than 10 million inhabitants
12
Q
What is a Metacity?
A
More than 20 million inhabitants
13
Q
What is a World City?
A
A city of influence on a global scale (mainly for financial / commercial reasons)
14
Q
What are Characteristics of Megacities?
A
- Centres of innovation and education
- Urban Sprawl, edge cities, high density living
- Economy: dominate national and regional, GDP 2 or 3x other cities.
- Services provided on a large scale in an economically efficient manner.
15
Q
What is Suburbanisation?
A
The movement of people from inner city areas towards the outer edge of the city. Also applies to economic activity.
16
Q
What is Counter-urbanisation?
A
The movement of people from an urban area to rural or small urban areas (town or village)
17
Q
What is Urban resurgence?
A
The ‘rebirth’ of urban areas through development or re-urbanisation
18
Q
Factors leading to Deindustrialisation
A
- Change in government -> Margret Thatcher moved away from manufacturing industries.
- Reduced demand - for traditional produced
- Mechanisation - less need for labour
19
Q
Factors leading to Decentralisation
A
- Inadequate (obsolete) / out dated buildings
- Competition for space
- Improved transport
- Increased costs -> price of raw materials
20
Q
What is Deindustrialisation?
A
Long term decline of manufacturing and heavy industries, loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector. Occurred post-war (1945 onwards)
21
Q
What is Decentralisation?
A
Movement / relocation of industries, offices and services from location in / bear the CBD to edge of city locations. occurred with the obsolescence of CBD locations.
22
Q
Impacts of Deindustrialisation
(Economic)
A
- Loss of jobs and personal disposable income
- Loss of income in the service sector as a result of falling spending power of the local population
- Loss of tax income to the local authority and potential decline in services
23
Q
Impacts of Deindustrialisation
(Social)
A
- Out-migration of population, usually those who are better qualified and more prosperous
- Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol and drug abuse and other social problems
- Increase in unemployment
24
Q
Impacts of Deindustrialisation
(Environmental)
A
- Reduced maintenance of local housing caused by lower housing caused by lower personal and local authority income
- Deteriorating infrastructure
- Positive environment impacts have been reduced noise, land and water pollution and reduced traffic congestion
25
What is Urban Regeneration
The attempt to reverse urban decline by both importing the physical structure, and, more importantly and elusively, the economy of those areas. In all regeneration programmes, public money is used as an attempt to pump prime private investment into an area.
26
Examples of Regeneration Policies since 1979
Conservative: 1981 - Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) - Concept: Trickle down effects through property-led regeneration. Unelected boards
Labour: 1997 - Single Regeneration Budget (Challenge Fund) - Concept: QUANGOS focus on the specific needs of each community. Move towards sustainable communities.
27
What is Gentrification?
This is a form of Regeneration But is NOT driven by government policy or public money often younger professionals looking to get on the property ladder
28
Policy:
1980s - Urban Development Corporations (UDCs)
(Property-led regeneration)
LONDON DOCKLANDS
Overview of Policy:
- Set up to regenerate areas that contained large amounts of derelict land & buildings
- They had the power to acquire, reclaim and service land to promote new industrial activity and housing.
- They were given planning powers above the local authority - QUANGO
- Public money was used to purchase & reclaim land with a view to attracting private investment. For every £1 of public, £4-£5 of private money should be invested
29
Policy:
1990s - City Challenge (Partnership schemes)
HULME CITY CHALLENGE
Overview of Policy:
- A competition between selected inner cities. Local authorities had to come up with an imaginative project and form a partnership in its inner city area with the private sector and local community
- Combined social, economic and environmental aims
- 1993 = 30 City Challenge Partnerships established & 20 unsuccessful bids
30
Policy:
2000s - New Deal for Communities (NDCs)
BRADFORD TRIDENT
- Local NDC partnerships were established for each regeneration area to ensure that change is community led and received part of the £2 billion funding
- Initially in 1998, 17 local partnerships were announced, later increased in 1999 with the establishment of a further 22 partnerships. (total = 39)
31
Policy:
2010s - Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
No Example
- There are 38 Local Enterprise PArtnerships across England
- Business led partnerships between local authorities & local private sector businesses. They play a central role in determining local economic priorities and undertaking activities to drive economic growth and job creation, improve infrastructure and raise workforce skills within the local area.
- LEP boards are led by a business Chair and board members are local leaders of industry (including SMEs), educational institutions and the public sector.
32
LONDON DOCKLANDS
Why was regeneration needed:
- Large areas of derelict land (1000ha) associated with Deindustrialisation. Docks had become obsolete as they were too small for modern container ships.
- High unemployment especially amongst unskilled former dockers
- Poor quality housing owned by local authorities (83% council owned)
Strategies implemented / How did they improve the area:
- LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) created that had total control over the area (2,225ha) - non-elected and powers about local councils
- Much of the area become an Enterprise Zone that received government grants and tax relief to attract new industry / business
- £6.5 billion from private investment and £1.8 billion from public money
Evaluation. Was successful or a failure?
- Population doubled from 40,000 to 80,000
- Homes increased from 15,000 to 36,000
- 41,000 more jobs and total employment doubled from 27,000 to 53,000 by 1990. Growth of jobs was in the tertiary sector especially financial and legal services.
- Underground station at Stratford opened
33
HULME CITY
Why was regeneration needed:
- Initially redeveloped as part of a slum clearance programme in the 1960s and a number of high-rise flats were built
- Of the 5,500 dwellings, 98% were council owned. Over half of the dwellings were part of a deck access system, with many of the poor design features of prefabricated construction
- Cheap & rapid construction = heating inadequacies & pest infestation
Strategies implemented / How did they improve the area:
- Plans for 3000 new homes, shopping areas, roads and community facilities including more traditional pattern of housing development
- Focused on building attractive new homes, the building of a new high street alongside focusing on the cultures in the area by creating a young person's art centre
- Employment was also focused on with some areas suffering from low-employment especially within the younger population
Evaluation. Was it successful or a failure:
- By 1995, 600 new homes for rent and 400 more improved / refurbished
- Hulme's population grew by 3.3% compared to 0.2% in the city
- 40% reduction in crime across the board in ke crimes
34
BRADFORD TRIDENT
Why was regeneration needed:
- High levels of inequality
- Lots of old houses which needed improving
- Lowest life expectancy in Yorkshire
Strategies implemented / how did they improve the area:
- Slum demolition
- Creation new housing developments
- Attract new business
Evaluation. Was it successful or a failure:
- Unemployment has reduced from 16% to 8.5%
- It has supported 198 youth groups, assisting in the extension of 8 primary schools
- Reduction in crime from 105 to 60 per 1000 of the population
- Over a 1000 new homes have been improved and 90 new homes have been built
