GEOGRAPHIC, LINGUISTIC, AND ETHNIC DIMENSIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO CONTEMPORARY Flashcards
of or relating to a community. Public communal baths are common in Japan.
communal
beings exalted or revered as supremely
good or powerful. Ancient civilizations worshipped various deities.
deities
a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero. The epic of Lam-ang is a well-known Filipino classic.
epic
an often unfair or untrue belief that many people have about all people or things with a particular characteristic. Minorities are often subject to stereotyping by the dominant classes.
stereotyping
the act or process by which something is spread or passed from one person or thing to another. The government is scrambling to stop the widespread transmission of diseases that should have been eradicated already.
transmission
people from whom a person descended from. Certain cultures look to their ancestors for blessings and guidance.
ancestors
to be very successful; to do very well. Our aim is to develop the grit needed to flourish even under pressure.
flourish
unable to be explained by science or the laws of nature. The science professor is not inclined to believe in supernatural phenomena.
supernatural
a story told in an ancient culture to explain a practice, belief, or natural occurrence. One local TV show was adapted from a popular Norse myth.
myth
- a story from the past that is believed by many people but cannot be proven to be true. Most aspects of the story of King Arthur have passed on into legend.
legend
WHAT HAPPEN TO OUR PHILIPPINE PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE?
Most literary works during the pre-colonial period were transmitted through oral tradition.
In some cases, our ancestors made use of a writing system to pen down some works of literature.
Early literary written forms of pre-colonial Filipinos were destroyed by the Spanish friars .
Surviving texts were restored because of resistance and geographical isolation.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT QUALITIES OF PHILIPPINE PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE?
Common experiences of the community as subject matter
Communal authorship
Formulaic repetitions
Stereotyping of characters
Regular rhythmic and musical devices
- a literary scholar notable for his studies on Philippine folk literature, divided Philippine precolonial literature into three, namely the Mythological Age, Heroic Age, and Folktales from all ages.
E. ARSENIO MANUEL
- The period when our ancestors told stories about the creation of human beings and the world, natural phenomena, and deities and spirits
mythological age
- Ordinary mortals and cultural heroes became the chief subject matter in this period .
- Epics became a popular genre.
- Epics are chanted during important events in the community to inspire people.
- Epics are also performed to remind the community of their ideals and values.
heroic age
- These are traditional stories that had humans, animals, and even plants as characters.
- These are fictional tales that have been modified through successive retellings before they were finally recorded and written down.
folktales
derived from Kawi, a Javanese (Indonesian) script
baybaying writing system
- The ancient Tagalog script had s_________ basic syllables composed of three vowels and fourteen consonants.
- Vowels: a, e/i, o/u
- Consonants: ba, ka, da/ra, ga, ha, la, ma, na, nga, pa, sa, ta, wa, ya
seventeen
These are stories that make use of gods, goddesses, and other fantastical creatures as characters.
It is the means for our ancestors to explain the occurrence of natural events, the beginning of cultural traditions, and the existence of mysteries.
myths
may also attempt to explain the origin of the world and of the people
myths
It is believed to be historical but cannot be verified as true.
It is often about famous persons or events.
It may tell of an encounter with marvelous creatures, which the folks still believe in: fairies, ghosts, water spirits, the devil, and the like.
legends
These are prose narratives usually told to amuse or entertain.
It is instructional in nature.
It deals with events set in an indefinite time and space.
folktales
CHARACTERISTIC OF EPIC
The main character or protagonist is considered a hero.
The hero’s actions are presented without bias; the epic presents both the character’s faults and virtues.
It often involve battles, which reveal the extraordinary strength of the protagonist as he engages in acts of bravery
The setting may span several countries, involve the whole world, or even be set in the universe
Gods and other divine beings are portrayed as having a role in the outcome of events
It may be about love and courtship, a long day’s work, or may be songs sung at a funeral. It is repetitive, sonorous, and has a playful melody.
folksongs
These are short sayings enveloped in rhymed verse.
It is meant to give advice to the young, offering words of wisdom or stating how one should live.
PROVERBS (SALIWAKAIN)
These are perplexing questions meant to be guessed or solved.
It is used for entertainment.
It requires one to observe, analyze, and imagine to provide the right answer.
riddles (Bugtong)
OVERVIEW OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPANIARDS ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Alibata, the first Filipino alphabet, was replaced by the Roman alphabet
Introduced Spanish as the medium of communication
Spanish became the language of Philippine literature
The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices
Religious themes dominated the culture of the Christianize majority; but the native oral literature, whether secular or mythic-religious, continued (Spanish Colonia, 2017)
Spaniards brought European legends and traditions and were assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
Works of ancient literature were collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
subjects revolved around life and death of Jesus Christ
- Non-secular (Religious Literature
- subjects revolved around tales of valiance and adventure
- Secular (Non-religious literature)
FORMS OF NON-SECULAR LITERATURE (Religious Literature)
, Death, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. In stanzas of five lines of eight syllables each, the standard elements of epic poetry are interwoven with a colorful, dramatic theme.
- The entirety of the text is chanted during the Lenten season and particularly Holy Week, and is a popular Filipino Catholic devotion.
Pasyon
- Derived from the spanish word cenaculo which means the “place where Jesus Christ celebrated the Last supper with his disciples”, is a play or re-enactment depicting the life and passion of Jesus Christ
senakulo
- A theatrical traditions by FIlipinos, sometimes comes in form of singing, describes conflicts between Christians and Muslims, and was used by the Spanish to promote Christianity in the Philippines (Suavillo, 2020)
- It is brought to the Philippines for entertainment, likewise, to spread the Christian faith.
komedya
usually seen during church celebrations, portrays the life of Christ or any saint
- Religious Komedya
- is a form of entertainment usually performed at the local fiestas.
secular komedya
a story that portrays the search for the Holy Cross by queen Elena of the Roman Empire and her son Emperor Constantine
Santacruzan
- is a FIlipino poem written in dodecasyllabic (12-syllable) verse called plosa, following the pattern of rhyming stanzas established in Pasyon
- Subjects of awit are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess.
- One influential work in the awit form is Florante at Laura, an 1838 narrative poem written by Francisco Balagtas
awit
is the generic name for Philippine romances
- It is a metrical romances in octosyllabic (8-syllable) verse called hakira.
korido
octosyllabic (8-syllable) verse
harika
are written to prescribe proper decorum
- A good example of a______ is the “Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza”, written by Presbitero Modesto de Castro.
prose narrative
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT/ PROPAGANDA/ REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 1864-1896
CHARACTERISTICS
Planted seeds if nationalism in FIlipino; hence, contents of literary works are more violent and demand complete independence from Spain
Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
Addressed the masses instead of th intelligentsia
NOTE: During spanish colonization, highly educated people or intellectuals who were regarded as culture and influential influence were called intelligentsia
PROPAGANDA LITERATURE
Reformation is the main objective of propaganda literature
Works of literature come in a form of political essays, satires, editorials, and news articles
The subjects of literary works aimed to attack and expose the evil deeds or maltreatment of Spaniards to the natives
Some well-known examples of propaganda literature were
(1) Diariong Tagalog and (2) Noli Me Tangere and El FIlibusterismo.
The brains or the triumvirate behind the works of propaganda literature were
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo G. del Pilar, and Dr. Jose Rizal.
Written in Spanish and Tagalog, it was the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded by Marcelo H. del Pilar on August 1, 1882
DIARIONG TAGALOG
who write diariong tagalog
Marcelo H. del Pilar
is a political novel written by Dr. Jose Rizal to describe perceived inequities of the Spanish Catholic friars and the ruling government.
NOLI ME TANGERE
Graciano López y Jaena pseudonym
Diego Laura
was a Filipino journalist, orator, reformist, and the founder and first editor of the newspaper La Solidaridad
GRACIANO LÓPEZ JAENA
illustrates the vile character of the friar through various situations including but not limited to having immoral relationships with young girls called canding-canding, threatening and punishing some students from the University of Manila, neglecting his duties as a parish priest in favor of gambling, conducting his business unfairly, and barbarously punishing an Indio laborer who failed to work at his estate for three days because of his sick wife.
fray botod
- Translated as The Daughter of a Friar
- Exposed the tragedy of marrying Spaniards
- La Hija del Fraile
- Translated as Everything is Mere Show
- Exposed the tragedy of marrying Spaniards
- Everything is Hambug.
Del Pilar, better known by his pseudonym
plaridel
He was the co-founder of Diariong Tagalog and the first editor of La Solidaridad.
marcelo h del pillar
this humorous and sarcastic essay using a pseudonym Dolores Manapat to refute Fr. José Rodriguez’s Cuestiones de Sumo Interés
- Caiingat Cayo
a satire on the friar’s hypocrisy, licentiousness and greed, which consists of parodies of the Sign of the Cross, the Act of Contrition, the Lord’s Prayer, the Hail Mary, and the catechism.
- Rizal considers this as a model of classical prose and an excellent example of Tagalog humor, wit, and sarcasm.
- Dasalan at Tocsohan
- It was also like a catheticism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for nature
- Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios.
Works of revolutionary literature are more propagandist than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete independence for the country
REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE
Andres Bonifacio pseudonym:
Agapito Bagumbayan
- Outlined the Decalogue of the obligations and principles and values that should guide every member of the organization
- Katungkulang Gagagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
- An essay that outlines the basic tenets of Bonifacio’s ideas on nationalism
- Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
Emilio Jacinto pseudonym
dimas-ilaw
- Is a collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, and love of country by emilio jacinto
liwanag at dilim
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan pseudonym:
dimas-ilaw
who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary Government, and then as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.
apolinario mabini
He is regarded as the “utak ng himagsikan” or “brain of the revolution
apolinario mabini
also known by its alternative English title The Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal.
- It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and, like the first book, was written in Spanis
el fili
the official bilingual newspaper of the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo published in Mandaluyong.
- EL HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION
first published the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem titled “Filipinas” written by Jose Palma.
- LA INDEPENDENCIA
is a private newspaper hoped to achieve national unity under a democratic Philippine Republic, edited by Pedro Paterno
- LA REPUBLICA FILIPINA
the very first Filipino novel written in Tagalog
ninay
the first newspaper to have exercised its press freedom under the Philippine republic
la libertad
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS DURING THE AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD:
On April 11, 1899, John Hay, the US Secretary of State, signed an agreement wherein Spain surrendered the remaining colonies of the Spanish empire, including the Philippines, to the United States for 20 million dollars.
Education was first headed by American soldiers, and then teachers called the Thomasites.
Public education was made free, and the medium of instruction used was English. This created a new educated middle class in the country.
Alongside the use of English in education, Filipinos learned American models of thought, culture, and ways of life.
IMPACT OF THE AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD ON LITERATURE:
An initial boom in literature in Spanish before English became more widespread through promotion and schooling.
Comics and satirical editorial cartoons began appearing in publications.
Tagalog drama went from merely a form ofentertainment to an expression of revolt.
English sarswela (stage musicals) began to emerge.
Filipino writers became apprentices to American writers, first learning to emulate their styles before creating their own.
Essays and short stories became popular literary mediums.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION:
During World War II, the Philippines was occupied by the Japanese from 1941 to 1945.
During the war between Japan and the United States, President Manuel L. Quezon and General Douglas MacArthur fled to the US. Before leaving, MacArthur made a promise: “I shall return.” He came back to Leyte in 1944.
The Fall of Bataan and the Death March were results of the final major battles of the Japanese invasion.
Victory over Japan Day was declared after Japan surrendered to the U.S. on August 15, 1945. The inauguration of the First Philippine Republic on July 4, 1946.
IMPACT OF THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION ON LITERATURE:
Filipino literature in English was limited.
Philippine literature in general flourished in this period, especially those that were written in Tagalog and other Philippine languages. English plays during this period were translated into Filipino or the vernacular.
More original dramas in Filipino were written.
Filipino writers of other literary forms such as short stories, essays, and poetry were given distinct honors.
Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana was published in the United States in 1947. It depicts the experiences of Filipinos during the war between the Americans and the Japanese.
a form of Japanese poetry comprised of short unrhymed lines that incorporate natural.
haiku
is the Haiku equivalent from the Philippines. It is a poem consisting of four lines with each equally having between seven and nine syllables.
tanaga
