GeoCe Module 3: Part 2 Flashcards
The mineral classes are often subdivided into ____________, _________, and _________.
subclasses, groups, and subgroups
These make up more that 99% of the mineral found in igneous rocks and account more than 90% of the Earth’s crust and mantle.
silicates
because the silicate class contains many important minerals, we divide it into _______________.
subclasses
In silicates, except for very rare high-pressure 1ninerals, all of these are surrounded by four oxygen atoms - arranged in the form of a tetrahedron, a pyramid shape with four identical faces.
silicon atoms
It is a pyramid shape with four identical faces.
tetrahedron
In ___________ ~ these tetrahedra may share oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets, or three-dimensional networks.
mineral structures
In mineral structures, these ____________ may share oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets, or three-dimensional networks.
tetrahedra
The linking forms atomic structures.
polymers
We name the silicate subclasses
according to how silicon tetrahedra are _____________________.
linked (polymerized)
Is made of atoms of individual elements
matter
is mostly hydrogen and helium - the same elements that makeup >99% of our sun.
Milky Way
the matter of the Milky Way, our galaxy, is
mostly ___________ and ____________ - the same elements that make up >99% of our sun.
hydrogen and helium
It is dominated by other elements, and 8 to 10 elements account for most of Earth’s mass.
Earth
True or False
Earth’s crust and mantle contain the
same major elements, therefore, the portions are the same.
false ; are not the same
It is mostly iron with perhaps 20% nickel and lesser amounts of other elements.
core
these together account for 74% of the crust
oxygen and silicon
oxygen and silicon together account for _________ of the crust
74%
aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium total about _____ of the crust
24%
the other 90-100 naturally occurring elements add up to less than _____
2%
oxygen and silicon together account for ______ of the mantle
67%
This contains significantly more magnesium than the crust.
mantle
This contains less aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium than the crust.
mantle
True or False
Most of the minerals and other geological materials we see derive from the 1MANTLE but some come from the uppermost part of the 2CRUST.
False ; 1CRUST – 2MANTLE
It is where the most of the minerals and other geological materials we see derive from.
CRUST
In both places, these are the dominant elements.
oxygen and silicon
Together these two elements make up about three quarters of the crust, and two thirds of the mantle.
oxygen and silicon
It contains much more magnesium and iron, and less silicon, than the crust
mantle
These are overall minor elements in the crust but are key components in some minerals
Hydrogen (0.15 wt%) and carbon (0.18 wt%)
are sometimes concentrated by geological processes to make exotic minerals.
generally rare elements
True or False
the oceanic crust IS THE SAME composition as the continental crust.
False ; IS NOT THE SAME
True or False
the composition of the shallow crust is somewhat DIFFERENT from the deep crust.
true
Some elements are common in many different minerals. _____________ and ____________ are perhaps the best examples
Oxygen and silicon
Many ______________ and nearly all ________ and _____________________ are composed of multiple minerals containing oxygen and silicon.
sedimentary rocks; igneous and metamorphic rocks
True or False
In contrast, because of their properties, some other elements tend to be found in only a few distinct minerals. For example titanium (Ti) may occur as a minor component in biotite, amphibole, or other minerals.
true
This may occur as a minor component in biotite, amphibole, or other minerals.
titanium (Ti)
In many rocks, however, this is concentrated in Ti-rich minerals such as rutile (Ti02), titanite (CaTiSi05), and ilmenite (FeTi03).
titanium
Similarly, rocks containing significant amounts of ____________ usually contain apatite, Ca5(P04)3(0H,F,CI), or monazite, (Ce. La, Th, Y)P04.
phosphorous
are ordered by increasing atomic number (the number of protons in their atom nucleus), which correlates with atomic weight and size
elements
The first element in the periodic table
Hydrogen - atomic number 1
The last element in the periodic table
Oganesson - atomic number 118
is an ob~ure synthetic radioactive element that has only been produced a few times and in minute amounts.
Oganesson
elements are in numbered periods (rows) and groups (columns) based on the configuration of their ________________.
electron orbitals
In the periodic table, elements are in these numbered _______ and ________ based on the configuration of their electron orbitals.
periods (rows) ; groups (columns)
How many total elements are in the periodic table?
118
The chart contains 118 elements in all, but only about ______ occur naturally.
90
The other 20 or so (with
atomic numbers 104-118 and 99-103) elements are _______, they are synthesized in nuclear reactors and
some are radioactive with very short lives.
artificial
they are synthesized in nuclear reactors and some are radioactive with very short lives.
Artificial Elements
True or False
The distinction between natural and artificial elements is, however, a bit uncertain because MANY atoms have (speculatively) been identified for some of the rarest natural elements.
False ; ONLY A FEW
When did the periodic table get devised?
1870
He devised the first version of the periodic table in 1870.
Dmitri Mendeleyev (1834-1907)
They classify elements into different types that have related properties (shown by different colors in the table above)
Chemists
It is a special element
hydrogen
Hydrogen is a special element, but the other elements in Group 1 are ____________.
alkali metals
The elements in group 2 are ____________ metals.
alkaline earth metals
True or False
The metals in Group 1 are alkaline earth metals, while those in Group 2 are alkali metals.
false; the metals are interchanged
Those elements in groups 4 through 12 are what kind of metals?
Transition metals
What types of elements are in Group 17?
halogens
What types of elements are in Group 18?
noble gases
What do you call the elements between the transition metals and the halogen?
nonmetals
Summary of the Types of Elements based on their Group
- Group 1 - alkali metals
- Group 2 - alkaline earth metals
- Groups 4 to 12 - transition metals
- Group 17 - halogens
- Group 18 - noble gases
also called the rare earth elements
lanthanides
these are both considered as transition metals
lanthanides and actinides
lanthanides and actinides are both considered as what?
transition metals
The __________ in the chart show where the lanthanides (also called
rare earth elements) and actinides (both considered transition metals) were extracted from the main chart and put as separate rows at the bottom
asterisks
True or False
If lanthanides and actinides were not extracted, the chart would be too wide to fit easily on this page.
true
these are closely related to the lanthanides and so are commonly classified with them.
Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y)
Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) are closely related to the __________ and so are commonly classified with them.
lanthanides
are formed from combinations of many elements.
natural minerals
Unlike __________________
(such as two things being ground up together), the elements are ordered and intimately bonded together.
mechanical mixtures
Unlike mechanical mixtures (such as two things being ground up together), the ___________ are ordered and intimately bonded together.
elements
They are called solid solutions
resulting crystalline solutions
the resulting crystalline solutions are called what?
solid solution
is mostly a solution of CaAl2Si208 (anorthite) and NaAISi308 (albite).
Common plagioclase (a feldspar)
blades of a variety of plagioclase is called what?
cleavelandite
Some minerals, such as ____________, contain many elements, are complex solid solutions, and have long and complicated formulas.
hornblende
Other minerals, including __________ and other ____________, have limited
compositional variations.
plagioclase and feldspars
These have relatively simple formulas
and vary little from their ideal compositions.
fluorite (CaF2) or quartz (SiO2)
We may broadly classify the elements that comprise a mineral in one of three categories:
- major elements
- minor elements
- trace elemets
are those fundamental to a mineral they; control a mineral’s basic atomic structure and gross properties.
Major elements
They must be in the mineral or the mineral has been misidentified.
Major elements
are those present in small amounts, usually as replacements for a major element.
Minor elements
Such elements, perhaps in amounts up to a several weight % may affect _________ and ___________.
Color and a few properties
the basic atomic arrangement of a mineral is controlled by its ___________________________.
major element chemistry
Minerals that also contain extremely small amounts of elements are called ___________.
Trace elements
are in all minerals provide valuable information for geologists to determine how, when, and where specific minerals formed.
trace elements
They have little effect on most mineral properties.
trace elements
True or False
A notable exception to this is
sometimes color, even trace amounts of some elements can have MINOR effects on a mineral’s color.
false ; MAJOR
They can acquire mineral analyses in many ways.
mineralogists
In the past, these were determined by titration and other wet ‘chemical’ techniques.
chemical analyses
In the past, chemical analyses were determined by _________ and ________________
titration and other ‘wet chemical’ techniques.
In the past, chemical analyses were determined by titration and other wet ‘chemical’ techniques. Today we use ______________ including atomic absorption spectrophotometers and electron microprobes.
sophisticated analytical instruments
By how we normally report the analytical results?
by listing oxide weight percentage
They contrast primary minerals and secondary minerals.
geologists
are those that are present from the time a rock first forms
Primary minerals
They are formed later by chemical or physical reaction within the rock.
Secondary minerals
these involve H2O or CO2 and occur during weathering, diagenesis, or other low-temperature alteration of a preexisting rock.
secondary reactions
True or False
The distinction between primary and secondary minerals is EXACT.
false ; NOT EXACT
True or False
A primary mineral in one rock may
be a secondary mineral in another.
true
kadacal ne?
uwa
2 Types of Primary Minerals
- Essential minerals
- Accessory minerals
are those whose presence is implied by the name of the rock
essential minerals
these minerals, for the most part, control rock properties.
essential minerals
All limestones, for example, contain
calcite or dolomite, and all granites contain quartz and K-feldspar.
This is an example of what type of mineral?
essential minerals
are generally present in minor amounts and do not affect most rock properties.
Accessory minerals
These minerals may be made of common elements such as iron in magnetite (Which is a common accessory mineral).
Accessory minerals
also commonly contain incompatible elements, elements that are not easily incorporated into essential minerals
Accessory minerals
Zirconium (Zr), for example, often concentrates in zircon, ZrSiO4, a minor accessory mineral in many rocks.
This is an example of what type of mineral?
Phosphorus (P) may lead to the formation of phosphate minerals such as apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,CI)
This is an example of what type of mineral?
Accessory minerals
True or False
In most igneous and metamorphic rocks, silicates make up the accessory mineral, while oxides, sulfides, and other kinds of minerals make up the essential minerals.
false ; essential minerals and accessory minerals were interchanged
True or False
Although more than 90 natural elements exist on Earth, many exist in very small amounts.
true
It is estimated that __________ make up more than 99.7 wt% of Earth’s crust.
14 elements
They have identmed 3,000 to 4,000 minerals.
Mineralogists
Mineralogists have identmed __________________ minerals
3,000 - 4,000
with these abundant elements together, they making up nearly three-quarters of Earth’s crust naturally lead to an abundance of silicate minerals.
oxygen and silicon
Of the known minerals, about 92% are ____________.
Silicates
Of the know mineral, about how many percentage are silicate?
92%
All the nonsilicates together only make up about how many percent?
8%
All the _____________ only make up about 8% of the total.
nonsilicates
The most common/abundantmineral on earth’s crust is _____________
Plagioclase (39%)
it comprises more than half of the basalt that makes up the oceanic crust.
plagioclase
____________________ and _____________, the major components in granite, make up about another 25%.
Alkali feldspar and quartz
are based on mineral appearance, mineral chemistry, where the mineral is found, a famous scientist, or anything else deemed important by a mineral’s discoverer.
Mineral names
they proposed new names and descriptions and judges their appropriateness, and also occasionally discredit old names
The Commission on New Minerals and New Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association
they must include such information when they submit names to the Commission for approval.
mineralogists
it is most easily identified by its cubic, often clear crystals, by its softness, and by its salty taste.
mineral halite
Most of the properties discussed in this book fall into two general groups:
- hand specimen properties
- optical properties
which are easily determined using large samples
hand specimen properties
which we can only see with specially prepared slide and a polarizing light microscope
optical properties
also called a petrographic microscope
polarizing light microscope
Nongeologists might describe this as metallic, being gold in color, and forming cubic crystals.
pyrite
Nongeologists might describe a piece of the variety of quartz called __________ as hard, pinkish, glassy, and partially transparent.
rose quartz
Metallic and glassy are terms describing _______.
luster
What are the two terms that describe luster?
Metallic and glassy
Gold, clear, and pinkish describe _______.
color
what are the three terms that describe color?
gold, clear, and pinkish
transparent describes ___________
diaphaneity
What describes diaphaneity?
transparent
_______ describes crystal shape, a property related to symmetry.
Cubic
Cubic describes __________, a property related to symmetry.
crystal shape
4 Basic Properties of Mineral Identification
- luster
- color
- diaphaneity
- shape
it is the color of a mineral when powdered
streak
it is the way a mineral breaks
cleavage, parting, or fracture
Pyrite mineral - metallic.
Quartz - __________.
Nonmetallic
Quartz - nonmetallic
Pyrite - ________
metallic
these minerals can, for instance, be divided further based on more subtle luster differences.
nonmetallic minerals
True or False
most mineralogists know that, depending on the sample and circumstances, some properties are more important than others.
true
Being magnetic usually identifies _________.
magnetite
___________ in meteorites is also magnetic.
metallic iron
kadacal talaga ne?
omsim
True or False
At first, mineral identification may seem tedious but with a little experience, it is possible to find shortcuts to make the process more efficient.
true
