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GEO CE > GeoCe Module 3: Part 2 > Flashcards

GeoCe Module 3: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The mineral classes are often subdivided into ____________, _________, and _________.

A

subclasses, groups, and subgroups

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2
Q

These make up more that 99% of the mineral found in igneous rocks and account more than 90% of the Earth’s crust and mantle.

A

silicates

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3
Q

because the silicate class contains many important minerals, we divide it into _______________.

A

subclasses

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4
Q

In silicates, except for very rare high-pressure 1ninerals, all of these are surrounded by four oxygen atoms - arranged in the form of a tetrahedron, a pyramid shape with four identical faces.

A

silicon atoms

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5
Q

It is a pyramid shape with four identical faces.

A

tetrahedron

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6
Q

In ___________ ~ these tetrahedra may share oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets, or three-dimensional networks.

A

mineral structures

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7
Q

In mineral structures, these ____________ may share oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets, or three-dimensional networks.

A

tetrahedra

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8
Q

The linking forms atomic structures.

A

polymers

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9
Q

We name the silicate subclasses
according to how silicon tetrahedra are _____________________.

A

linked (polymerized)

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10
Q

Is made of atoms of individual elements

A

matter

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11
Q

is mostly hydrogen and helium - the same elements that makeup >99% of our sun.

A

Milky Way

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12
Q

the matter of the Milky Way, our galaxy, is
mostly ___________ and ____________ - the same elements that make up >99% of our sun.

A

hydrogen and helium

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13
Q

It is dominated by other elements, and 8 to 10 elements account for most of Earth’s mass.

A

Earth

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14
Q

True or False

Earth’s crust and mantle contain the
same major elements, therefore, the portions are the same.

A

false ; are not the same

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15
Q

It is mostly iron with perhaps 20% nickel and lesser amounts of other elements.

A

core

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16
Q

these together account for 74% of the crust

A

oxygen and silicon

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17
Q

oxygen and silicon together account for _________ of the crust

A

74%

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18
Q

aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium total about _____ of the crust

A

24%

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19
Q

the other 90-100 naturally occurring elements add up to less than _____

A

2%

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20
Q

oxygen and silicon together account for ______ of the mantle

A

67%

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21
Q

This contains significantly more magnesium than the crust.

A

mantle

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22
Q

This contains less aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium than the crust.

A

mantle

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23
Q

True or False

Most of the minerals and other geological materials we see derive from the 1MANTLE but some come from the uppermost part of the 2CRUST.

A

False ; 1CRUST – 2MANTLE

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24
Q

It is where the most of the minerals and other geological materials we see derive from.

A

CRUST

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25
Q

In both places, these are the dominant elements.

A

oxygen and silicon

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26
Q

Together these two elements make up about three quarters of the crust, and two thirds of the mantle.

A

oxygen and silicon

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27
Q

It contains much more magnesium and iron, and less silicon, than the crust

A

mantle

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28
Q

These are overall minor elements in the crust but are key components in some minerals

A

Hydrogen (0.15 wt%) and carbon (0.18 wt%)

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29
Q

are sometimes concentrated by geological processes to make exotic minerals.

A

generally rare elements

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30
Q

True or False

the oceanic crust IS THE SAME composition as the continental crust.

A

False ; IS NOT THE SAME

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31
Q

True or False

the composition of the shallow crust is somewhat DIFFERENT from the deep crust.

A

true

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32
Q

Some elements are common in many different minerals. _____________ and ____________ are perhaps the best examples

A

Oxygen and silicon

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33
Q

Many ______________ and nearly all ________ and _____________________ are composed of multiple minerals containing oxygen and silicon.

A

sedimentary rocks; igneous and metamorphic rocks

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34
Q

True or False

In contrast, because of their properties, some other elements tend to be found in only a few distinct minerals. For example titanium (Ti) may occur as a minor component in biotite, amphibole, or other minerals.

A

true

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35
Q

This may occur as a minor component in biotite, amphibole, or other minerals.

A

titanium (Ti)

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36
Q

In many rocks, however, this is concentrated in Ti-rich minerals such as rutile (Ti02), titanite (CaTiSi05), and ilmenite (FeTi03).

A

titanium

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37
Q

Similarly, rocks containing significant amounts of ____________ usually contain apatite, Ca5(P04)3(0H,F,CI), or monazite, (Ce. La, Th, Y)P04.

A

phosphorous

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38
Q

are ordered by increasing atomic number (the number of protons in their atom nucleus), which correlates with atomic weight and size

A

elements

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39
Q

The first element in the periodic table

A

Hydrogen - atomic number 1

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40
Q

The last element in the periodic table

A

Oganesson - atomic number 118

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41
Q

is an ob~ure synthetic radioactive element that has only been produced a few times and in minute amounts.

A

Oganesson

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42
Q

elements are in numbered periods (rows) and groups (columns) based on the configuration of their ________________.

A

electron orbitals

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43
Q

In the periodic table, elements are in these numbered _______ and ________ based on the configuration of their electron orbitals.

A

periods (rows) ; groups (columns)

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44
Q

How many total elements are in the periodic table?

A

118

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45
Q

The chart contains 118 elements in all, but only about ______ occur naturally.

A

90

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46
Q

The other 20 or so (with
atomic numbers 104-118 and 99-103) elements are _______, they are synthesized in nuclear reactors and
some are radioactive with very short lives.

A

artificial

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47
Q

they are synthesized in nuclear reactors and some are radioactive with very short lives.

A

Artificial Elements

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48
Q

True or False

The distinction between natural and artificial elements is, however, a bit uncertain because MANY atoms have (speculatively) been identified for some of the rarest natural elements.

A

False ; ONLY A FEW

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49
Q

When did the periodic table get devised?

A

1870

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50
Q

He devised the first version of the periodic table in 1870.

A

Dmitri Mendeleyev (1834-1907)

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51
Q

They classify elements into different types that have related properties (shown by different colors in the table above)

A

Chemists

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52
Q

It is a special element

A

hydrogen

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53
Q

Hydrogen is a special element, but the other elements in Group 1 are ____________.

A

alkali metals

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54
Q

The elements in group 2 are ____________ metals.

A

alkaline earth metals

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55
Q

True or False

The metals in Group 1 are alkaline earth metals, while those in Group 2 are alkali metals.

A

false; the metals are interchanged

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56
Q

Those elements in groups 4 through 12 are what kind of metals?

A

Transition metals

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57
Q

What types of elements are in Group 17?

A

halogens

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58
Q

What types of elements are in Group 18?

A

noble gases

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59
Q

What do you call the elements between the transition metals and the halogen?

A

nonmetals

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60
Q

Summary of the Types of Elements based on their Group

A
  • Group 1 - alkali metals
  • Group 2 - alkaline earth metals
  • Groups 4 to 12 - transition metals
  • Group 17 - halogens
  • Group 18 - noble gases
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61
Q

also called the rare earth elements

A

lanthanides

62
Q

these are both considered as transition metals

A

lanthanides and actinides

63
Q

lanthanides and actinides are both considered as what?

A

transition metals

64
Q

The __________ in the chart show where the lanthanides (also called
rare earth elements) and actinides (both considered transition metals) were extracted from the main chart and put as separate rows at the bottom

A

asterisks

65
Q

True or False

If lanthanides and actinides were not extracted, the chart would be too wide to fit easily on this page.

A

true

66
Q

these are closely related to the lanthanides and so are commonly classified with them.

A

Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y)

67
Q

Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) are closely related to the __________ and so are commonly classified with them.

A

lanthanides

68
Q

are formed from combinations of many elements.

A

natural minerals

69
Q

Unlike __________________
(such as two things being ground up together), the elements are ordered and intimately bonded together.

A

mechanical mixtures

70
Q

Unlike mechanical mixtures (such as two things being ground up together), the ___________ are ordered and intimately bonded together.

A

elements

71
Q

They are called solid solutions

A

resulting crystalline solutions

72
Q

the resulting crystalline solutions are called what?

A

solid solution

73
Q

is mostly a solution of CaAl2Si208 (anorthite) and NaAISi308 (albite).

A

Common plagioclase (a feldspar)

74
Q

blades of a variety of plagioclase is called what?

A

cleavelandite

75
Q

Some minerals, such as ____________, contain many elements, are complex solid solutions, and have long and complicated formulas.

A

hornblende

76
Q

Other minerals, including __________ and other ____________, have limited
compositional variations.

A

plagioclase and feldspars

77
Q

These have relatively simple formulas
and vary little from their ideal compositions.

A

fluorite (CaF2) or quartz (SiO2)

78
Q

We may broadly classify the elements that comprise a mineral in one of three categories:

A
  • major elements
  • minor elements
  • trace elemets
79
Q

are those fundamental to a mineral they; control a mineral’s basic atomic structure and gross properties.

A

Major elements

80
Q

They must be in the mineral or the mineral has been misidentified.

A

Major elements

81
Q

are those present in small amounts, usually as replacements for a major element.

A

Minor elements

82
Q

Such elements, perhaps in amounts up to a several weight % may affect _________ and ___________.

A

Color and a few properties

83
Q

the basic atomic arrangement of a mineral is controlled by its ___________________________.

A

major element chemistry

84
Q

Minerals that also contain extremely small amounts of elements are called ___________.

A

Trace elements

85
Q

are in all minerals provide valuable information for geologists to determine how, when, and where specific minerals formed.

A

trace elements

86
Q

They have little effect on most mineral properties.

A

trace elements

87
Q

True or False

A notable exception to this is
sometimes color, even trace amounts of some elements can have MINOR effects on a mineral’s color.

A

false ; MAJOR

88
Q

They can acquire mineral analyses in many ways.

A

mineralogists

89
Q

In the past, these were determined by titration and other wet ‘chemical’ techniques.

A

chemical analyses

90
Q

In the past, chemical analyses were determined by _________ and ________________

A

titration and other ‘wet chemical’ techniques.

91
Q

In the past, chemical analyses were determined by titration and other wet ‘chemical’ techniques. Today we use ______________ including atomic absorption spectrophotometers and electron microprobes.

A

sophisticated analytical instruments

92
Q

By how we normally report the analytical results?

A

by listing oxide weight percentage

93
Q

They contrast primary minerals and secondary minerals.

A

geologists

94
Q

are those that are present from the time a rock first forms

A

Primary minerals

95
Q

They are formed later by chemical or physical reaction within the rock.

A

Secondary minerals

96
Q

these involve H2O or CO2 and occur during weathering, diagenesis, or other low-temperature alteration of a preexisting rock.

A

secondary reactions

97
Q

True or False

The distinction between primary and secondary minerals is EXACT.

A

false ; NOT EXACT

98
Q

True or False

A primary mineral in one rock may
be a secondary mineral in another.

A

true

99
Q

kadacal ne?

A

uwa

100
Q

2 Types of Primary Minerals

A
  • Essential minerals
  • Accessory minerals
101
Q

are those whose presence is implied by the name of the rock

A

essential minerals

102
Q

these minerals, for the most part, control rock properties.

A

essential minerals

103
Q

All limestones, for example, contain
calcite or dolomite, and all granites contain quartz and K-feldspar.

This is an example of what type of mineral?

A

essential minerals

104
Q

are generally present in minor amounts and do not affect most rock properties.

A

Accessory minerals

105
Q

These minerals may be made of common elements such as iron in magnetite (Which is a common accessory mineral).

A

Accessory minerals

106
Q

also commonly contain incompatible elements, elements that are not easily incorporated into essential minerals

A

Accessory minerals

107
Q

Zirconium (Zr), for example, often concentrates in zircon, ZrSiO4, a minor accessory mineral in many rocks.

This is an example of what type of mineral?

A
108
Q

Phosphorus (P) may lead to the formation of phosphate minerals such as apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,CI)

This is an example of what type of mineral?

A

Accessory minerals

109
Q

True or False

In most igneous and metamorphic rocks, silicates make up the accessory mineral, while oxides, sulfides, and other kinds of minerals make up the essential minerals.

A

false ; essential minerals and accessory minerals were interchanged

110
Q

True or False

Although more than 90 natural elements exist on Earth, many exist in very small amounts.

A

true

111
Q

It is estimated that __________ make up more than 99.7 wt% of Earth’s crust.

A

14 elements

112
Q

They have identmed 3,000 to 4,000 minerals.

A

Mineralogists

113
Q

Mineralogists have identmed __________________ minerals

A

3,000 - 4,000

114
Q

with these abundant elements together, they making up nearly three-quarters of Earth’s crust naturally lead to an abundance of silicate minerals.

A

oxygen and silicon

115
Q

Of the known minerals, about 92% are ____________.

A

Silicates

116
Q

Of the know mineral, about how many percentage are silicate?

A

92%

117
Q

All the nonsilicates together only make up about how many percent?

A

8%

118
Q

All the _____________ only make up about 8% of the total.

A

nonsilicates

119
Q

The most common/abundantmineral on earth’s crust is _____________

A

Plagioclase (39%)

120
Q

it comprises more than half of the basalt that makes up the oceanic crust.

A

plagioclase

121
Q

____________________ and _____________, the major components in granite, make up about another 25%.

A

Alkali feldspar and quartz

122
Q

are based on mineral appearance, mineral chemistry, where the mineral is found, a famous scientist, or anything else deemed important by a mineral’s discoverer.

A

Mineral names

123
Q

they proposed new names and descriptions and judges their appropriateness, and also occasionally discredit old names

A

The Commission on New Minerals and New Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association

124
Q

they must include such information when they submit names to the Commission for approval.

A

mineralogists

125
Q

it is most easily identified by its cubic, often clear crystals, by its softness, and by its salty taste.

A

mineral halite

126
Q

Most of the properties discussed in this book fall into two general groups:

A
  • hand specimen properties
  • optical properties
127
Q

which are easily determined using large samples

A

hand specimen properties

128
Q

which we can only see with specially prepared slide and a polarizing light microscope

A

optical properties

129
Q

also called a petrographic microscope

A

polarizing light microscope

130
Q

Nongeologists might describe this as metallic, being gold in color, and forming cubic crystals.

A

pyrite

131
Q

Nongeologists might describe a piece of the variety of quartz called __________ as hard, pinkish, glassy, and partially transparent.

A

rose quartz

132
Q

Metallic and glassy are terms describing _______.

A

luster

133
Q

What are the two terms that describe luster?

A

Metallic and glassy

134
Q

Gold, clear, and pinkish describe _______.

A

color

135
Q

what are the three terms that describe color?

A

gold, clear, and pinkish

136
Q

transparent describes ___________

A

diaphaneity

137
Q

What describes diaphaneity?

A

transparent

138
Q

_______ describes crystal shape, a property related to symmetry.

A

Cubic

139
Q

Cubic describes __________, a property related to symmetry.

A

crystal shape

140
Q

4 Basic Properties of Mineral Identification

A
  • luster
  • color
  • diaphaneity
  • shape
141
Q

it is the color of a mineral when powdered

A

streak

142
Q

it is the way a mineral breaks

A

cleavage, parting, or fracture

143
Q

Pyrite mineral - metallic.
Quartz - __________.

A

Nonmetallic

144
Q

Quartz - nonmetallic
Pyrite - ________

A

metallic

145
Q

these minerals can, for instance, be divided further based on more subtle luster differences.

A

nonmetallic minerals

146
Q

True or False

most mineralogists know that, depending on the sample and circumstances, some properties are more important than others.

A

true

147
Q

Being magnetic usually identifies _________.

A

magnetite

148
Q

___________ in meteorites is also magnetic.

A

metallic iron

149
Q

kadacal talaga ne?

A

omsim

150
Q

True or False

At first, mineral identification may seem tedious but with a little experience, it is possible to find shortcuts to make the process more efficient.

A

true

GEO CE (6 decks)

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