GEOCE MOD 2 Flashcards
Defined as the applied sciences which deals with the application of geology for a safe, stable land economical design and construction of a civil engineering project.
Engineering Geology
is almost universally considered as essential as that of soil mechanics, strength of material, or theory of structures.
Engineering Geology
The application of geological knowledge in planning, designing, and construction of big civil engineering objects.
Engineering Geology
It enables a civil engineer to understand the engineering implications of certain condition should relate to the area of construction which is essentially geological in nature.
Engineering Geology
It enables a geologist to understand the nature of the geological information that is essentially for a safe design and construction of a civil engineering projects.
Engineering Geology
4 Scopes of Geology with Reference to Major Activities of the Profession of a Civil Engineer
- Construction
- Water Resources
- Development Towns
- Regional Planning
6 Main Branches of Geology (PS MEPS)
- Physical Geology
- Structural Geology
- Mineralogy
- Economic Geology
- Petrology
- Statigraphy
5 Allied Branches of Geology (3G ME)
- Geophysics
- Geohydrology
- Geochemistry
- Engineering Geology
- Mining Geology
Also variously described as dynamic geology, geomorphology etc.
Physical Geology
It deals with different physical features of the earth, such as mountains, plateaus, valleys, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and volcanoes in terms of their origin and development.
Physical Geology
It deals with the different changes occurring on the earth surface like marine transgression, marine regression, formation or disappearance of rivers, springs and lakes.
Physical Geology
It deals with geological work of wind, glaciers, rivers, oceans, and groundwater and their role in constantly molding the earth surface features
Physical Geology
It deals with natural phenomena like landslides, earthquakes and weathering.
Physical Geology
It deals with the study of minerals.
Mineralogy
Minerals are basic units with different rocks and ores of the earth are made up of.
Mineralogy
It is also defined as the details of mode of formation, composition, occurrence, types, association, properties use etc. of minerals.
Mineralogy
True or False
Sometimes quartzite and marble resemble one another in shine, colour, and appearance while QUARTZITE disintegrates and decomposes in a shorter period because of its mineral composition and properties.
False ; MARBLE
It deals with the study of rocks. It has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.
Petrology
This is the most important branch of geology from the civil engineering point of view.
Petrology
It is made up of different types of rocks
earth’s crust or lithosphere
It deals with the mode of formation, structure, texture, composition, occurrence, and types of rocks.
Petrology
The rocks, which from the earth’s crust, undergo various deformations, dislocations, and disturbances under the influence of tectonic forces. The result is the occurrence of different geological structures like folds, fault, joints, and unconformities in rocks.
Structural Geology
The rocks, which from the earth’s crust, undergo various deformations, dislocations and disturbances under the influence of tectonic forces. The result is the occurrence of different geological structures like _________, _______, ________ and ___________________.
Folds, faults, joints, and unconformities in rocks.
The details of mode of formation, causes, types, classification, and importance of these geological structures from the subject matter of ______________________.
structural geology
The climatic and geological changes including tectonic events in the geological past can also be known from these investigations.
Stratigraphy
is a kind of study of the earth’s history through the sedimentary rock
Historical Geology
The 2 words where Stratigraphy came from
Strata & Graphy
What does Strata mean?
a set of sedimentary rocks
It means a set of sedimentary rocks
STRATA
What does Graphy mean?
“field of study” or related to “writing”.
This means “field of study” or related to “writing”.
Graphy
can be grouped as general rock forming minerals and economic minerals
Minerals
Give some examples of mineral
- talc
- graphite
- mica
- asbestos
- gypsum
- magnesite
- diamond
- gems
talc, graphite, mica, asbestos, gypsum, magnesite, diamond and gems are examples of what?
MINERALS
The details of their mode of formation, occurrence, classification.
economic geology
Association, varieties, concentration, properties, uses from the subject matter of _____________________.
economic geology
Further based on application of geological knowledge in other fields there’s many other allied branches collectively called __________________
EARTH SCIENCE
This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the field of civil engineering, for execution of safe, stable and economic constructions like dams, bridges, and tunnels.
Engineering Geology
This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the field of mining.
Mining Geology
Who is interested in the mode and extent of occurrence of ores, their association, properties etc?
mining engineer
True or False
It is also necessary to know other physical parameters like depth, direction, inclination, thickness, and reserve of the bodies for efficient utilization
TRUE
It deals with such details of mineral exploration, estimation and exploration
mining geology
The study of physical properties like density and magnetism of the earth or its parts
Geophysics
The study of physical properties like density and magnetism of the earth or its parts. To know its interior form the subject matter of __________.
geophysics
is a branch of exploration geophysics, which aims at solving civil engineering problems by interpreting subsurface geology of the area concerned.
Engineering geophysics
2 Methods that are commonly used in solving civil engineering problems.
- Electrical resistivity methods
- Seismic refraction methods
This may also be called hydrogeology
Geohydrology
. It deals with occurrence, movement and nature of groundwater in an area.
Geohydrology
. It has applied importance because ground water has many advantages over surface water.
Geohydrology
True or False
In general, GEOCHEMISTRY and GEOHYDROLOGY studies are together taken up for groundwater investigations.
False ; GEOLOGICAL and GEOPHYSICAL
This branch is relatively more recent and deals with the occurrence, distribution, abundance, mobility etc., of different elements in the earth crust
Geochemistry
This is not important from the civil engineering point of view.
Geochemistry
is defined as a process of decay, disintegration and decomposition of rocks under the influence of certain physical and chemical agencies.
Weathering
It may be defined as the process of breaking up of rocks into small pieces by the mechanical agencies of physical agents.
Disintegration
The process of breaking up of mineral constituents to form new components by the chemical actions of the physical agents
Decomposition
A general term used when the surface of the earth is worn away by the chemical as well as mechanical actions of physical agents and the lower layers are exposed.
Denudation
The process of weathering depends upon the following three (3) factors:
- Nature of Rocks
- Length of Time
- Climate
Three (3) chief types of weathering
- Physical or Mechanical Weathering
- Chemical Weathering
- Biological Weathering
are commonly distinguished based on type of agency involved in the process and nature of the product
Three (3) chief types of weathering
It is the physical breakdown of rock masses under the attack of certain atmospheric agents
Physical Weathering
A single rock block is broken gradually into smaller irregular fragments and then into particles of still smaller dimensions.
Physical Weathering
It is the most active in cold, dry and higher areas of the earth surface.
Physical Weathering
are responsible to a great extent of physical weathering
Temperature variations
Temperature variations are responsible to a great extent of ___________________.
physical weathering
is of considerable importance in arid and semi-arid regions where difference between daytime and nighttime temperature is often very high
The effect of change of temperature on rocks
True or False
The effect of change of temperature on rocks is not of considerable importance in arid and semi-arid regions where difference between daytime and nighttime temperature is often very high.
False ; it is CONSIDERABLE
these produce physical disintegration in a normally expected manner. Expansion on heating followed by contraction on cooling.
temperature fluctuations
The process when the rock mass is layered, and good thickness additional disturbing stresses may be developed into by unequal expansion and contraction from the surface to the lower regions. The rock sometimes is found to break off into concentric shells
exfoliation
When this occurs, part of the disintegrated rock material is carried away by running water or any other transporting agent
weathering
When weathering occurs, part of the disintegrated rock material is carried away by running water or any other transporting agent. Some of them are left on the surface of the bedrock as residual boulders. It is often seen that boulders have an onion like structure. This kind of weathering is called ____________________.
spheroidal weathering
It is the chemical decomposition of the rock
chemical weathering
It is nothing but chemical reaction between gases of the atmosphere and minerals of the rocks.
chemical weathering
The _______________ invariably take place in the presence of water generally rainwater - in which are dissolved many active gases from the atmosphere like CO2, nitrogen, hydrogen etc.
chemical changes
The chemical changes invariably take place in the presence of water generally _________ - in which are dissolved many active gases from the atmosphere like CO2, nitrogen, hydrogen etc.
rainwater
is essentially a process of chemical reactions between gases of the atmosphere and the surface rocks
Chemical weathering
4 Types of Chemical Weathering
- Oxidation
- Hydrolysis
- Carbonation
- Acid Rain
The reaction of oxygen with chemicals in rock.
Oxidation
For instance, oxygen reacts with iron to form iron oxide (rust) which is soft and vulnerable to physical weathering.
Oxidation
A process in which a rock absorbs water into its chemical structure.
Hydrolysis
A rock with a higher water content is softer, and thus easier for physical weathering, or even just gravity, to decay. What type of chemical weathering is this?
Hydrolysis
Caused by carbonic acid in water reacting with and degrading rock.
Carbonation
This acid is especially effective at degrading limestone.
carbonic acid
True or False
ACID RAINE may form limestone caverns.
False ; UNDERGROUND CARBONATION
This may form limestone caverns
Underground carbonation
Caused by sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the air reacting with water to form acids that then fall to the ground.
ACID RAIN
These acids are particularly harmful to marble, chalk, and limestone, and cause damage to tombstones, statues, and other public monuments.
ACID RAIN
It is when living organisms break up rocks.
Biological Weathering
Tree roots, for example, can fracture rocks in the same way they buckle pavement. Warm, humid climates are most favorable to life. What type of weathering is this?
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
Consequently, its rates are most rapid in warm humid climates like those in tropical regions.
biological weathering
As ________ is directly or indirectly interested in rock weathering especially when he must select suitable quarry for the extraction of stones for structural and decorative purposes.
engineer
It always causes a loss in the strength of the rocks or soil.
process of weathering
For the construction engineer it is always necessary to see that:
- To what extent the area under consideration for a proposed project has been affected by weathering
- What may be possible effects of weathering processes typical of the area on the construction materials?
envelope of gases the earth is surrounded
Atmosphere
movement of the atmosphere in a direction parallel to the earth surface and air in motion.
Wind
vertical movements of the atmosphere.
Air Currents
The 2 Erosion Processes that Generally Cause Wind Erosion
- Deflation
- Abrassion
Is the process of simply removing the loose sand and dust sized particles from an area, by fast-moving winds.
Deflation
It can successfully operate in comparatively dry regions with little or no rainfall and where the mantle is unprotected due to absence of vegetation.
Wind deflation
residual hard rocks or course materials like gravel remaining on a surface after loose fine particles have been removed by winds.
Lag gravel
This gravel layer prevents further deflation.
Lag gravel
The wind loaded with such particles attains a considerable erosive power which helps in eroding the rock surfaces by rubbing and grinding actions and produce many changes.
abrasion
is a type of rock formation in which vertical column rocks has wider tops and narrower bases.
Pedestal or Mushroom rocks
As its name implies, these rocks resemble a mushroom.
Pedestal or Mushroom rocks
the larger and heavier particles such as sands or gravels, which are moved by the winds but not lifted more than 30 to 60 cm of the earth surface constitute the bed load.
Bed Load
the finer clay or dust particles which are lifted by the moving winds by hundreds of meters above the earth’s surface constitute the ____________________—.
Suspended Load
2 Total Sediment Load caused of Erosion by Wind
- Bed Load
- Suspended Load
2 Total Sediment Load caused of Deposition of Sediment by Wind
- Sand Dunes
- Loess
These are huge heaps of sand formed by the natural deposition of windblown sand sometimes of characteristics and recognizable shape.
Sand Dunes
Often found to migrate due to change in the direction and velocity of wind.
Sand Dunes
3 Types of Active Dunes
- Barchans or Crescent Shaped Dunes
- Transverse Dunes
- Longitudinal Dunes
These dunes that look like a new moon in plan are of most common occurrence.
Barchans or Crescent Shaped Dunes
They are triangular in section with the steep side facing away from the wind direction.
Barchans or Crescent Shaped Dunes
Like a barchan in section but in plan it is not curved like barchans such that its longer axis is broadly transverse to the direction of the prevailing winds.
Transverse Dunes
The elongated ridges of sand with their longer axis broadly parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind. When seen in the side view, they will appear to be triangular.
Longitudinal Dunes
The finest particles of dust traveling in suspension with the wind are transported to a considerable distance.
Loess
They accumulate in the different constituents the form of paper-thin laminae, which have aggregated together to form a massive deposit
Loess
No site is selected for any type of important work on the moving dunes because such __________ are always a source of trouble to an engineer.
DUNES
It has been experienced that sometimes the ____________ damage certain important works.
MOVING DUNES
But if an engineer is compelled to select such a site, special methods should be adopted to check the motion of the moving dunes. Give an example of these special methods.
construct windbreaks or growing vegetation on the surrounding area.
The science of the occurrence distribution, and movement of water below the surface of the earth.
Groundwater Hydrology
occurs in the saturated one of variable thickness and depth below the earth’s surface.
Groundwater
An important source of water supply throughout the world. Its use in irrigation, industries, urban and rural home continues to increase.
Groundwater
water entrapped in the interstices of sedimentary rock at the time it was deposited.
Connate water
This may have been derived from the ocean or freshwater sources and typically is highly minimized.
Connate water
Almost all ____________ can be thought of as a part of the hydrologic cycle, including Surface volcanic or cosmic origin added to the terrestrial water supply is juvenile water.
groundwater
It constitutes one portion of the earth water circulatory system known as the hydrological cycle.
groundwater
Ground water constitutes one portion of the earth water circulatory system known as the ____________.
Hydrologic Cycle
act as conduits for transmission and as reservoirs for storage of water.
Water bearing formations of the earth crust
This aids in sustaining stream flow when surface runoff is low or non-existent.
Ground water emerging into surface stream channels
This represents the sole water source in many regions during much of every year.
Water pumped from wells
This originates as surface water.
Ground Water
4 Principal sources of natural recharge
- Precipitation
- Stream flow
- Lakes
- Reservoirs
It occurs from excess irrigation, seepage from canals and water purposely applied to augment groundwater supplies.
artificial recharge
This may return directly to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and by transpiration from vegetation.
Groundwater near the surface
Ground water occurs in permeable geologic formations known as ___________.
aquifers
It occurs in permeable geologic formations known as aquifers.
Groundwater
formations having structures that permit appreciable water to move through them under ordinary field conditions
aquifers
A formation, which only seepage is possible and thus the yield is insignificant compared to an aquifer. It is partly permeable.
Aquitard
It is partly permeable.
Aquitard
An impermeable formation which may contain water but incapable of transmitting significant water quantities.
Aquiclude
An impermeable formation neither containing nor transmitting water.
Aquifuge
True or False
The portion of a rock or soil not occupied by solid mineral may be occupied by groundwater.
TRUE
The volume ratio of pores and fractures in coal.
Porosity
They are of fundamental importance to the study of groundwater because they can act as groundwater conduits.
interstices
These were created by geologic process governing the origin of the geologic formation and are found in sedimentary and igneous rocks.
Original interstices
These are developed after the rock was formed.
Secondary interstices
These are sufficiently small so that surface tension forces will hold water within them.
Capillary interstices
It is the amount of pore space per unit volume of the aquifer material.
POROSITY
It is expressed as the percentage of void space to the total volume of the mass.
POROSITY
defines the maximum amount of water that can be stored in the rock.
Porosity of the rock
True or False
Water can enter a rock only if the rock permits the flow of water through it and it depends whether the rock is permeable or not.
TRUE
is an important factor and should be sufficiently large to make the rock permeable.
size of the pores
The size of the pores is an important factor and should be sufficiently large to make the rock ________.
permeable
2 Subsurface Occurrence of Groundwater
- Zone of Saturation
- Zone of Aeration
Where water exists within the interstices known as groundwater
Zone of Saturation
Water in this zone is under hydrostatic pressure.
Zone of Saturation
Water in Zone of Saturation is under _________________.
hydrostatic pressure
The space above the water and below the surface.
Zone of Aeration
Water exists in this zone by molecular attraction.
Zone of Aeration
The belt overlying the zone of saturation and contains some interstitial water.
Capillary Fringe
The depth from the surface, which is penetrated by the rocks of vegetation.
Soil Zone
The science dealing with the study of earthquakes in all their aspects.
Seismology
The adjustment beneath the surface however involves various crystal movements, some of which because of suddenness and intensity produce tremors in the rocks.
EARTHQUAKE
The exact spot underneath the earth surface at which an earthquake originates.
Focus
The point at the surface where the waves first reach and immediately above the focus or origin of the earthquake.
Epicenter
The point which is diametrically opposite to the epicenter
Anticenter
The ratio of an earthquake based on actual effects produced by the quakes on the earth.
Intensity of an Earthquake
The rating of an earthquake based on the total amount of energy released when the over-strained rocks suddenly rebound, causing the earthquake.
Magnitude of a Tectonic Earthquake
may be caused due to various reasons, depending upon its intensity.
earthquake
are caused due to superficial movements, i.e., dynamic agencies, and operation upon surface of the earth.
feeble earthquakes
cause vibrations along the seashore
dashing waves
At high altitudes, the snow falling is an _________________ also causes vibrations along the neighboring areas.
avalanche
3 Following causes of Earthquakes
- Due to Superficial Movement
- Due to Volcanic Eruptions
- Due to Folding or Faulting
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
The feeble earthquakes are caused due to superficial movements, i.e., dynamic agencies, and operation upon surface of the earth.
due to superficial movements
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
The dashing waves cause vibrations along the seashore
due to superficial movements
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
Water descending along high waterfalls, impinges the valley floor and causes vibrations along the neighboring areas.
due to superficial movements
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
At high altitudes, the snow falling is an avalanche also causes vibrations along the neighboring areas.
due to superficial movements
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
Most of the volcanoes empty quietly and as consequence, initiate no vibration on the adjoining area.
due to volcanic eruptions
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
Few of them when erupt, cause feeble tremors in the surface of the earth.
due to volcanic eruptions
Determine if the earthquake is due to superficial movement, volcanic eruptions, or due to folding/faulting:
may cause a severe vibration on the adjoining area and have disastrous effects.
due to volcanic eruptions
are also caused due to folding of the layers of the earth’s crust.
Earthquakes
are more disastrous and are known as tectonic earthquakes and directly or indirectly change the structural features of the earth crust.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes are more disastrous and are known as _______________
tectonic earthquakes
are classified on several basis. Of these the depth of focus, the cause of origin and intensity are important.
Earthquakes
3 Classifiation of Earthquakes by Depth and Focus
- Shallow Earthquakes
- Intermediate Earthquakes
- Deep-focus Earthquakes
Earthquake where the depth of focus lies anywhere up to 50 km below the surface.
Shallow earthquakes
Earthquakes that originate between 50 and 300 km depth below the surface
Intermediate earthquakes
also known as the plutonic earthquakes, originate from more than 300 km. Majority of it originates between 500 km to 700 km
Deep-Focus earthquakes
2 Classification of Earthquakes by Cause of Origin
- Tectonic Earthquakes
- Non-Tectonic Earthquakes
Earthquakes originated due to relative movements of crystal block on faulting.
Tectonic Earthquakes
Earthquake owes their origin to causes distinctly different from faulting.
Non-Tectonic Earthquakes
A scale of earthquake intensity with ten divisions was given by _______________.
Rossi and Forel
How many divisions does the earthquake intensity have?
10 Divisions
A scale of earthquakes intensity with ten divisions was given by Rossi and Ferel.
Based on the sensation of the people and the damage caused modified by ___________ and later by ___________________________.
by MERCALLI ; and later by WOOD and NEUMANN
True or False
The time and intensity of the earthquake CAN BE predicted
False ; CANNOT BE
Three (3) providing factors in the design of the structure to minimize the losses due to shocks of an earthquake.
- To collect sufficient data, regarding the previous seismic activity in the area.
- To assess the losses, which are likely to take place in furniture due to earthquake shocks.
- To provide factors of safety, to stop or minimize the loss due for severe earth shocks.
Following are the few (9) precautions which make the building sufficiently earthquake-proof.
- The foundation of a building should rest on a firm rock bed.
- Excavation of the foundation should be done up to the same level.
- The concrete should be laid in rich mortar and continuously.
- Masonry should be done with cement mortar of not less than 1:4 max.
- Flat R.C.C. slab should be provided.
- All the parts of the building should be tied firmly with each other.
- Building should be uniform in height.
- Cantilevers, projections, parapets, domes, etc., should be provided.
- Best materials should be used.
To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, the foundation of a building should rest on a _______________.
firm rock bed
To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, what is the preffered foundation?
grillage foundation
To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, _____________ of the foundation should be done up to the same level.
excavation
To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, The concrete should be laid in _________ and continuously.
rich mortar
To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, masonry should be done with cement mortar of not less than _______ max.
1:4
To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, what kind of slab is provided?
r.c.c.
TRUE OR FALSE. To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, some of the parts of the building should be tied firmly with each other.
false (all parts)
TRUE OR FALSE. To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, building should be in uniform height.
true
TRUE OR FALSE. To make the building sufficiently earthquake proof, _____ materials should be used.
best
