GeoCE Module 3: Part 1 Flashcards
They form the Earth and the bedrock that we live on, making up all of Earth’s rocks and sediments, and they are important components in soils.
Minerals
They literally are the foundations for our lives.
Minerals
Those who study rocks of all sorts need to know about minerals.
Petrologist
Those who use resources in manufacturing need minerals.
Petrologists
They are absolutely essential to maintain our lifestyles.
- Minerals
- Mineral Production
- Study of Minerals
They listed some mineral commoditiies essential for modern living and the amounts that a typical person consumes in their lifetime.
United States Geological Survey
Enumerate the mineral commodities.
- Aluminum (bauxtite)
- Cement
- Clay minerals
- Copper
- Gold
- Iron
- Lead
- Phosphate rock
- Stone, sand, and gravel
- Zinc
What is a typical person lifetime need for aluminum (bauxtite)?
5,677 pounds
What is a typical person lifetime need for cement?
65,480 lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for clay minerals?
19,245 lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for copper?
1,309 lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for gold?
1, 576 ounces
What is a typical person lifetime need for iron?
29,608 lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for lead?
928 lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for phosphate rock?
19,815 lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for stone, sand, and gravel?
1.61 million lbs
What is a typical person lifetime need for zinc?
671 lbs
What is the primary ore mineral for aluminum?
bauxtite
What is the primary ore mineral for cement?
calcite in limestone or related rocks
What is the primary ore mineral for clay minerals?
clays in sedimentary deposits
What is the primary ore mineral for copper?
copper sulfide minerals
What is the primary ore mineral for gold?
native gold in hard rock or sediments
What is the primary ore mineral for iron?
magnetite and hematite
What is the primary ore mineral for lead?
galena
What is the primary ore mineral for apatite?
phosphate rocks
What is the primary ore mineral for stone, sand, and gravel?
mineral mixtures in sedimentary deposits
What is the primary ore mineral for zinc?
sphalerite
True or False. Modem society uses mineral commodities more than other stone, sand, gravel and other construction materials
False ( uses stone, sand, gravel and other construction materials more)
These are generally mixtures of different minerals and are prized for their overall properties, not the properties of the individual mineral components.
Construction Materials
These are resources valued for their mineralogical properties.
Industrial properties
These include limestone, clays, bentonite, silica, barite, gypsum, and talc.
Industrial minerals
Give examples of industrial minerals
- limestone
- clays
- bentonite
- silica
- barite
- gypsum
- talc
All matter can be classified as being either an essentially ____________ or a __________
- pure substance
- mixture
These are made of two or more substances that can differ in composition or properties, and that can be separated from each other.
Mixtures
What are the types of mixture?
- homogenous
- heterogenous
A drink in which gin and tonic are completely mixed. What kind of mixture is this?
homogenous
A gin and tonic with ice cubes floating in it. What kind of mixture is this?
Heterogenous
These are mixtures that can always be separated into individual and different substances using some sort of physical process.
Heterogenous mixtures
True or False. Most rocks are examples of pure substance - they can be separated into individual mineral components that have different properties.
False (pure substances - mixtures)
Classification of Matter
Matter
1. Pure Substance
1.1 Element
1.2 Compound
- Mixture
2.1 Homogenous
2.2 Heterogenous
True or False. Minerals and other pure substances have invariant compositions and distinctive properties. This means that although we can often divide a pure substance into portions, all portions are equivalent and have the same overall
composition and properties.
Truelalu
Including minerals. it may be made of a single element.
pure substances
They may be compounds made by two or more elements in fixed proportions.
Pure substances
It consists of two elements (silicon and oxygen) and is a very common natural compound.
Quartz (SiO2)
True or False. Other minerals may consist of more than two elements, and some contain many elements.
Tumpak
This is made of single mineral, perhaps quartz or gypsum but most is a mix of materials.
Sand
Most sand is made predominantly _________ sometimes also containing heavy minerals such as ______.
- quartz
- magnetite
Why are all the grains in this sand are very well rounded?
they were abraded while being transported before deposition
These are natural crystalline solids that generally form by geological processes.
Minerals
They must be elements or compounds with a well-defined chemical composition that can be described by a chemical formula.
Minerals
The few exceptions to these criteria are dealt with on a case by-case basis by the _____________ and others who are tasked with keeping track of all approved minerals.
International Mineralogical Association (IMA)
It is defined by its unique chemical and physical properties.
Individual Mineral Species
True or False. All calcite is mostly CaC03, with atoms arranged in ta different way, no matter the size or shape of the sample
False (different - same)
True or False. However, calcite, like many other minerals, has more than one named variety, based on crystal shape, composition, color, occurrence, or other things
True
However, calcite, like many other minerals, has more than one named variety, based on :
- crystal shape
- composition
- color,
- occurrence, or other things
It is a distinctive variety of calcite found in some caves
Dogtooth spar
It is a clear variety typically in cleavable rhomb shapes.
Iceland Spar
They often name mineral varieties based on color.
Gemologists
Beryl is called ___________ if it has a light blue color.
aquamarine
Bery is called ___________ if it is color green.
Emerald
Beryl is called __________ if it is pink.
morganite
The different colors stem from very small compositional differences: all beryl Iis essentially __________.
Be3Al2Si6018
It is a beryl that contains a small amounts of Fe2+.
Aquamarine
It is a beryl that contains a small amounts of chromium (Cr3+) and vanadium (V3+).
Emerald
It is a beryl that contains a small amounts of Mn2+.
Morganite
Small amounts of ____________ can give minerals strong coloration.
transition metal ions
They must form by natural geological processes.
Minerals
They are commonly synthesized for industrial or commercial use.
Synthetic Minerals
True or False. Zeolites sold as health products are generally natural.
False (natural - synthethic)
They are natural sieves and sorbents.
Zeolites
They are used in water softeners, and in chemical manufacturing processes.
Synthetic Zeolites
They are fundamentally the same as naturally occurring minerals - they share many of the same properties.
Synthetic Zeolites
They are prized for engineering and industry because they have purer compositions and more consistent physical properties.
Synthetic Zeolites
Give examples of synthetic gems.
- ruby
- sapphire
- diamond
- emerald
- amethyst
- citrine
- alexandrite
True or False. Some of the gems have the same name as their mineral equals; but many do no not.
True
What is the mineral for the gem ruby?
corundum
What is the mineral for the gem sapphire?
corundum
What is the mineral for the gem diamond?
diamond
What is the mineral for the gem emerald?
beryl
What is the mineral for the gem aquamarine?
beryl
What is the mineral for the gem amethyst?
quartz
What is the mineral for the gem citrine?
quartz
What is the mineral for the gem alexandrite?
chrysoberyl
What is the mineral for the gem moonstone?
k-feldspar
What is the mineral for the gem topaz?
topaz
What is the mineral for the gem zircon?
zircon
What is the mineral for the gem opal?
opal
They make other gem-like synthethic crystalline materials that have no natural mineral analogs.
Manufacturer
They are commonly called stimulants and include, among others, forms of cubic zirconia, titanium oxide and strontium titanate that look something like diamonds.
Gem-like synthetic crystalline materials
Gem-like synthetic crystalline materials are commonly called _______.
simulants
They re often of high quality and mimic natural
minerals well.
Synthetic gemstones and simulants
They may be unflawed and more perfectly formed than natural gems.
Synthetic gemstones and simulants
True or False. It is sometimes easy to tell synthetics from the real thing. For this reason, some people distinguish between synthetic and natural minerals.
False (easy - difficult)
It was faceted (ground) to give it flat faces and sparkle.
Synthetic corundum
What do we call red varities of corundum?
ruby
What do we call other colors of corondum that is not red?
sapphire
It is a rare color for topaz which is typically clear or light colored.
Strong aquamarine blue
They are treated to enhance blue color.
Commercial Blue Topaz
The ___________ and _____________ of synthetic corundum and other synthetic minerals are nearly identical to natural specimens
- compositions
- crystallinity
True or False. Synthetics are not considered true minerals.
True
They must be crystalline.
Minerals
They are solids with an orderly repetitive atomic arrangement.
Minerals
It means having an orderly repetitive atomic structure.
Crystalline
True or False. Because minerals are crystalline, they must be a plasma.
False (plasma - solid)
It is the only minerals that is not a solid.
mercury
_______, although liquid under Earth-surface conditions, is considered a mineral because it is a naturally occurring nabve element like copper, gold, silver, and several others (that are solids except at high temperature)
Mercury
It shows red, partially cubic crystals mineral from a famous mineral locale nera Almaden, South of Madrid in Spain.
Cinnabar with native mercury (mercury sulfide)
True or False. Water, the most common natural liquid at Earth’s surface is not a mineral, but ice - crystalline H20 - meets every requirement of the definition and is.
True
They contain a random arrangement of atoms.
Amorphous solids
Copper carbonate georgeite are not accepted as minerals by the IMA and are generally called __________.
mineraloids
Examples of ___________ include obsidian and several other variefies of natural volcanic glass
mineraloids
True or False. Obsidian and other volcanic glasses form when lava cools so quickly that atoms do not have time to arrange themselves in an orderly and repetitive way
True
Some living organisms produce crystalline materials through a process called _________.
biomineralization
The result may be shells or skeletal parts or simply the hardening of soft tissues.
Biomineralization
Give three examples of biominerals.
- clamshell
- teeth
- diatoms
True or False. Organisms that produce biominerals in shells, teeth, skeletons, or bones have existed for nearly 6000 million years
False (6000 -600)
Their hard parts are typically composed of organic equivalents of the minerals calcite and apatite.
Biominerals
It is a biominerals (calcite) that makes up the shell.
calcium carbonate
It is a biomineral (apatite) that makes up the teeth.
calcium phosphate
It produces other mineral equivalents too.
Biogenic processes
___________create structures made of various forms of silica - which is sometimes crystalline (and sometimes amorphous).
Algae and Sponges
It deposits iron, copper and gold minerals, including iron oxides/hydroxides such as magnetite, goethite, and limonite.
bacteria
Some marine organisms produce _________ which Is normally only stable under high pressures deep within Earth.
aragonite
True or Fasle. A substance is not considered a mineral if it was formed entirely by an manufacturing process.
False (manufacturing - organic)
True or False. The IMA makes exceptions for some substances formed from organic material by geological processes, such as minerals that crystallize from organic matter in shales.
True
These are crystalline materials that derive from human-produced materials or actions, but meet the definition of a mineral in other ways, are sometimes considered minerals - but generally not.
Anthropogenic Minerals
True or False. The rust that forms on our cars is considered a mineral since the mineral goethite has nearly the same composition and properties).
False. The rust that forms on our cars is not considered a mineral (although the mineral goethite has nearly the same composition and properties).
They form the basis for the standard mineral classification system used today.
Chemical formulas
It is generally called the Dana System of Mineralogy and was created in the mid-19th century by an American mineralogist, James Dwight Dana.
Chemical formulas
Chemical formulas are generally called the ________________ and was created in the mid-19th century by an American mineralogist, James Dwight Dana.
Dana System of Mineralogy
Who created the Dana System of Mineralogy?
American Mineralogist, James Dwight Dana
When was Dana System of Mineralogy created?
mid-19th century
The system has been modified and fine-tuned several times since its inception and large classes have been subdivided. But the fundamental classes have not changed.
Dana System of Mineralogy
The beauty of this system is that it is relatively straightforward for most minerals and requires no information other than chemical formula
Dana System of Mineralogy
True or False. A small number of minerals belong to more than one class, but for the most part classification is unambiguous.
True
At the largest scale, we divide minerals into ________.
classes
All silicate minerals contain ____ and ____
Si and O
Halides contain:
- Cl
- F
- Br
- I
Hydroxide contain:
OH
Carbonates contain:
CO3
Dividing minerals into ________ this way is convenient because we can determine it from chemical formula.
classes
True or False. Minerals within a single class are often found together.
True
True or False. Within each class, the type of structure and bonding are somewhat similar. This means that minerals within a class often have similar physical properties, making the classes useful in mineral identification.
True
