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GEO CE > GeoCE Module 3: Part 1 > Flashcards

GeoCE Module 3: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

They form the Earth and the bedrock that we live on, making up all of Earth’s rocks and sediments, and they are important components in soils.

A

Minerals

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2
Q

They literally are the foundations for our lives.

A

Minerals

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3
Q

Those who study rocks of all sorts need to know about minerals.

A

Petrologist

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4
Q

Those who use resources in manufacturing need minerals.

A

Petrologists

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5
Q

They are absolutely essential to maintain our lifestyles.

A
  1. Minerals
  2. Mineral Production
  3. Study of Minerals
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6
Q

They listed some mineral commoditiies essential for modern living and the amounts that a typical person consumes in their lifetime.

A

United States Geological Survey

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7
Q

Enumerate the mineral commodities.

A
  1. Aluminum (bauxtite)
  2. Cement
  3. Clay minerals
  4. Copper
  5. Gold
  6. Iron
  7. Lead
  8. Phosphate rock
  9. Stone, sand, and gravel
  10. Zinc
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8
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for aluminum (bauxtite)?

A

5,677 pounds

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9
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for cement?

A

65,480 lbs

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10
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for clay minerals?

A

19,245 lbs

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11
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for copper?

A

1,309 lbs

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12
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for gold?

A

1, 576 ounces

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13
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for iron?

A

29,608 lbs

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14
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for lead?

A

928 lbs

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15
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for phosphate rock?

A

19,815 lbs

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16
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for stone, sand, and gravel?

A

1.61 million lbs

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17
Q

What is a typical person lifetime need for zinc?

A

671 lbs

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18
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for aluminum?

A

bauxtite

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19
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for cement?

A

calcite in limestone or related rocks

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20
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for clay minerals?

A

clays in sedimentary deposits

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21
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for copper?

A

copper sulfide minerals

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22
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for gold?

A

native gold in hard rock or sediments

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23
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for iron?

A

magnetite and hematite

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24
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for lead?

A

galena

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25
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for apatite?

A

phosphate rocks

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26
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for stone, sand, and gravel?

A

mineral mixtures in sedimentary deposits

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27
Q

What is the primary ore mineral for zinc?

A

sphalerite

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28
Q

True or False. Modem society uses mineral commodities more than other stone, sand, gravel and other construction materials

A

False ( uses stone, sand, gravel and other construction materials more)

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29
Q

These are generally mixtures of different minerals and are prized for their overall properties, not the properties of the individual mineral components.

A

Construction Materials

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30
Q

These are resources valued for their mineralogical properties.

A

Industrial properties

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31
Q

These include limestone, clays, bentonite, silica, barite, gypsum, and talc.

A

Industrial minerals

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32
Q

Give examples of industrial minerals

A
  1. limestone
  2. clays
  3. bentonite
  4. silica
  5. barite
  6. gypsum
  7. talc
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33
Q

All matter can be classified as being either an essentially ____________ or a __________

A
  1. pure substance
  2. mixture
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34
Q

These are made of two or more substances that can differ in composition or properties, and that can be separated from each other.

A

Mixtures

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35
Q

What are the types of mixture?

A
  1. homogenous
  2. heterogenous
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36
Q

A drink in which gin and tonic are completely mixed. What kind of mixture is this?

A

homogenous

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37
Q

A gin and tonic with ice cubes floating in it. What kind of mixture is this?

A

Heterogenous

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38
Q

These are mixtures that can always be separated into individual and different substances using some sort of physical process.

A

Heterogenous mixtures

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39
Q

True or False. Most rocks are examples of pure substance - they can be separated into individual mineral components that have different properties.

A

False (pure substances - mixtures)

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40
Q

Classification of Matter

A

Matter
1. Pure Substance
1.1 Element
1.2 Compound

  1. Mixture
    2.1 Homogenous
    2.2 Heterogenous
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41
Q

True or False. Minerals and other pure substances have invariant compositions and distinctive properties. This means that although we can often divide a pure substance into portions, all portions are equivalent and have the same overall
composition and properties.

A

Truelalu

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42
Q

Including minerals. it may be made of a single element.

A

pure substances

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43
Q

They may be compounds made by two or more elements in fixed proportions.

A

Pure substances

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44
Q

It consists of two elements (silicon and oxygen) and is a very common natural compound.

A

Quartz (SiO2)

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45
Q

True or False. Other minerals may consist of more than two elements, and some contain many elements.

A

Tumpak

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46
Q

This is made of single mineral, perhaps quartz or gypsum but most is a mix of materials.

A

Sand

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47
Q

Most sand is made predominantly _________ sometimes also containing heavy minerals such as ______.

A
  1. quartz
  2. magnetite
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48
Q

Why are all the grains in this sand are very well rounded?

A

they were abraded while being transported before deposition

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49
Q

These are natural crystalline solids that generally form by geological processes.

A

Minerals

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50
Q

They must be elements or compounds with a well-defined chemical composition that can be described by a chemical formula.

A

Minerals

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51
Q

The few exceptions to these criteria are dealt with on a case by-case basis by the _____________ and others who are tasked with keeping track of all approved minerals.

A

International Mineralogical Association (IMA)

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52
Q

It is defined by its unique chemical and physical properties.

A

Individual Mineral Species

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53
Q

True or False. All calcite is mostly CaC03, with atoms arranged in ta different way, no matter the size or shape of the sample

A

False (different - same)

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54
Q

True or False. However, calcite, like many other minerals, has more than one named variety, based on crystal shape, composition, color, occurrence, or other things

A

True

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55
Q

However, calcite, like many other minerals, has more than one named variety, based on :

A
  1. crystal shape
  2. composition
  3. color,
  4. occurrence, or other things
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56
Q

It is a distinctive variety of calcite found in some caves

A

Dogtooth spar

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57
Q

It is a clear variety typically in cleavable rhomb shapes.

A

Iceland Spar

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58
Q

They often name mineral varieties based on color.

A

Gemologists

59
Q

Beryl is called ___________ if it has a light blue color.

A

aquamarine

60
Q

Bery is called ___________ if it is color green.

A

Emerald

61
Q

Beryl is called __________ if it is pink.

A

morganite

62
Q

The different colors stem from very small compositional differences: all beryl Iis essentially __________.

A

Be3Al2Si6018

63
Q

It is a beryl that contains a small amounts of Fe2+.

A

Aquamarine

64
Q

It is a beryl that contains a small amounts of chromium (Cr3+) and vanadium (V3+).

A

Emerald

65
Q

It is a beryl that contains a small amounts of Mn2+.

A

Morganite

66
Q

Small amounts of ____________ can give minerals strong coloration.

A

transition metal ions

67
Q

They must form by natural geological processes.

A

Minerals

68
Q

They are commonly synthesized for industrial or commercial use.

A

Synthetic Minerals

69
Q

True or False. Zeolites sold as health products are generally natural.

A

False (natural - synthethic)

70
Q

They are natural sieves and sorbents.

A

Zeolites

71
Q

They are used in water softeners, and in chemical manufacturing processes.

A

Synthetic Zeolites

72
Q

They are fundamentally the same as naturally occurring minerals - they share many of the same properties.

A

Synthetic Zeolites

73
Q

They are prized for engineering and industry because they have purer compositions and more consistent physical properties.

A

Synthetic Zeolites

74
Q

Give examples of synthetic gems.

A
  1. ruby
  2. sapphire
  3. diamond
  4. emerald
  5. amethyst
  6. citrine
  7. alexandrite
75
Q

True or False. Some of the gems have the same name as their mineral equals; but many do no not.

A

True

76
Q

What is the mineral for the gem ruby?

A

corundum

77
Q

What is the mineral for the gem sapphire?

A

corundum

78
Q

What is the mineral for the gem diamond?

A

diamond

79
Q

What is the mineral for the gem emerald?

A

beryl

80
Q

What is the mineral for the gem aquamarine?

A

beryl

81
Q

What is the mineral for the gem amethyst?

A

quartz

82
Q

What is the mineral for the gem citrine?

A

quartz

83
Q

What is the mineral for the gem alexandrite?

A

chrysoberyl

84
Q

What is the mineral for the gem moonstone?

A

k-feldspar

85
Q

What is the mineral for the gem topaz?

A

topaz

86
Q

What is the mineral for the gem zircon?

A

zircon

87
Q

What is the mineral for the gem opal?

A

opal

88
Q

They make other gem-like synthethic crystalline materials that have no natural mineral analogs.

A

Manufacturer

89
Q

They are commonly called stimulants and include, among others, forms of cubic zirconia, titanium oxide and strontium titanate that look something like diamonds.

A

Gem-like synthetic crystalline materials

90
Q

Gem-like synthetic crystalline materials are commonly called _______.

A

simulants

91
Q

They re often of high quality and mimic natural
minerals well.

A

Synthetic gemstones and simulants

92
Q

They may be unflawed and more perfectly formed than natural gems.

A

Synthetic gemstones and simulants

93
Q

True or False. It is sometimes easy to tell synthetics from the real thing. For this reason, some people distinguish between synthetic and natural minerals.

A

False (easy - difficult)

94
Q

It was faceted (ground) to give it flat faces and sparkle.

A

Synthetic corundum

95
Q

What do we call red varities of corundum?

A

ruby

96
Q

What do we call other colors of corondum that is not red?

A

sapphire

97
Q

It is a rare color for topaz which is typically clear or light colored.

A

Strong aquamarine blue

98
Q

They are treated to enhance blue color.

A

Commercial Blue Topaz

99
Q

The ___________ and _____________ of synthetic corundum and other synthetic minerals are nearly identical to natural specimens

A
  1. compositions
  2. crystallinity
100
Q

True or False. Synthetics are not considered true minerals.

A

True

101
Q

They must be crystalline.

A

Minerals

102
Q

They are solids with an orderly repetitive atomic arrangement.

A

Minerals

103
Q

It means having an orderly repetitive atomic structure.

A

Crystalline

104
Q

True or False. Because minerals are crystalline, they must be a plasma.

A

False (plasma - solid)

105
Q

It is the only minerals that is not a solid.

A

mercury

106
Q

_______, although liquid under Earth-surface conditions, is considered a mineral because it is a naturally occurring nabve element like copper, gold, silver, and several others (that are solids except at high temperature)

A

Mercury

107
Q

It shows red, partially cubic crystals mineral from a famous mineral locale nera Almaden, South of Madrid in Spain.

A

Cinnabar with native mercury (mercury sulfide)

108
Q

True or False. Water, the most common natural liquid at Earth’s surface is not a mineral, but ice - crystalline H20 - meets every requirement of the definition and is.

A

True

109
Q

They contain a random arrangement of atoms.

A

Amorphous solids

110
Q

Copper carbonate georgeite are not accepted as minerals by the IMA and are generally called __________.

A

mineraloids

111
Q

Examples of ___________ include obsidian and several other variefies of natural volcanic glass

A

mineraloids

112
Q

True or False. Obsidian and other volcanic glasses form when lava cools so quickly that atoms do not have time to arrange themselves in an orderly and repetitive way

A

True

113
Q

Some living organisms produce crystalline materials through a process called _________.

A

biomineralization

114
Q

The result may be shells or skeletal parts or simply the hardening of soft tissues.

A

Biomineralization

115
Q

Give three examples of biominerals.

A
  1. clamshell
  2. teeth
  3. diatoms
116
Q

True or False. Organisms that produce biominerals in shells, teeth, skeletons, or bones have existed for nearly 6000 million years

A

False (6000 -600)

117
Q

Their hard parts are typically composed of organic equivalents of the minerals calcite and apatite.

A

Biominerals

118
Q

It is a biominerals (calcite) that makes up the shell.

A

calcium carbonate

119
Q

It is a biomineral (apatite) that makes up the teeth.

A

calcium phosphate

120
Q

It produces other mineral equivalents too.

A

Biogenic processes

121
Q

___________create structures made of various forms of silica - which is sometimes crystalline (and sometimes amorphous).

A

Algae and Sponges

122
Q

It deposits iron, copper and gold minerals, including iron oxides/hydroxides such as magnetite, goethite, and limonite.

A

bacteria

123
Q

Some marine organisms produce _________ which Is normally only stable under high pressures deep within Earth.

A

aragonite

124
Q

True or Fasle. A substance is not considered a mineral if it was formed entirely by an manufacturing process.

A

False (manufacturing - organic)

125
Q

True or False. The IMA makes exceptions for some substances formed from organic material by geological processes, such as minerals that crystallize from organic matter in shales.

A

True

126
Q

These are crystalline materials that derive from human-produced materials or actions, but meet the definition of a mineral in other ways, are sometimes considered minerals - but generally not.

A

Anthropogenic Minerals

127
Q

True or False. The rust that forms on our cars is considered a mineral since the mineral goethite has nearly the same composition and properties).

A

False. The rust that forms on our cars is not considered a mineral (although the mineral goethite has nearly the same composition and properties).

128
Q

They form the basis for the standard mineral classification system used today.

A

Chemical formulas

129
Q

It is generally called the Dana System of Mineralogy and was created in the mid-19th century by an American mineralogist, James Dwight Dana.

A

Chemical formulas

130
Q

Chemical formulas are generally called the ________________ and was created in the mid-19th century by an American mineralogist, James Dwight Dana.

A

Dana System of Mineralogy

131
Q

Who created the Dana System of Mineralogy?

A

American Mineralogist, James Dwight Dana

132
Q

When was Dana System of Mineralogy created?

A

mid-19th century

133
Q

The system has been modified and fine-tuned several times since its inception and large classes have been subdivided. But the fundamental classes have not changed.

A

Dana System of Mineralogy

134
Q

The beauty of this system is that it is relatively straightforward for most minerals and requires no information other than chemical formula

A

Dana System of Mineralogy

135
Q

True or False. A small number of minerals belong to more than one class, but for the most part classification is unambiguous.

A

True

136
Q

At the largest scale, we divide minerals into ________.

A

classes

137
Q

All silicate minerals contain ____ and ____

A

Si and O

138
Q

Halides contain:

A
  1. Cl
  2. F
  3. Br
  4. I
139
Q

Hydroxide contain:

A

OH

140
Q

Carbonates contain:

A

CO3

141
Q

Dividing minerals into ________ this way is convenient because we can determine it from chemical formula.

A

classes

142
Q

True or False. Minerals within a single class are often found together.

A

True

143
Q

True or False. Within each class, the type of structure and bonding are somewhat similar. This means that minerals within a class often have similar physical properties, making the classes useful in mineral identification.

A

True

GEO CE (6 decks)

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