Geo WA3 Flashcards
What is sampling?
Process of selecting a portion of the population being studied, usually to make generalizations about the population
State 5 stages of fieldwork
- Craft question/ hypothesis
- Collection of data
- Analysis of data
- presentation of data
- Conclusion and evaluation
Primary / secondary data
Primary data is collected by first hand(close-ended questionare)
Secondary data is collected by the others
(books, newspaper, movie by other authors)
Pro/ cons of primary data
Pro: It is specific to the hypothesis
It is real-time data as it is collected by first hand.
Cons: Time consuming
Expensive
Pro/cons of secondary data
pro: Save time+economical(as it is data that is already collected)
provides a large amount of information => increase accuracy to the conclusion
cons: past data
may/may not be specific to the hypothesis
Quantitative data
Data that can be measured/ quantified
(close-ended question)
=> General data, however, it isn’t incorporate the real experience)
Qualitative data
Data that is not easily measurable, subjective to the nature(open-ended question) (Have not generalized, consider different perspective, real experience)
Sequencing data (Quantitative then qualitative)
Quantitative: Identify the trends and patterns.
Qualitative: Examine, observe the patterns and trends
this help to narrow down the investigation question observed.
Qualitative then quantitative
Qualitative: Do the observations first
Quantitative: Verify the observations
Help explore initial question and develop then varify the observations.
Limitations of fieldwork
1.identify the scope of investigation
2.ensure the availability of resources to determine the scope.
3. The amount of data needed
4. The access to the place
5. The availability of equipment for the survey
6. Time availability
7. Manpower needed
risks in the fieldwork
- Falls, cuts, minor injuries(bring first-aid kit, wear proper shoes, clothes)
- Traffic accidents, collisions with cyclists( avoid doing the survey near the road/ where there are traffic jams)
- Unforseen weather(Storm, …)(Have backup plans, bring umbrella)
- Manpower availibility( Someone in the groups is sick )=> (have backup plans)
- Access to the place(closed due to big events. election, festivals,….)(Have back up plans to move to another places for the survey)
- Language barrier(Use google translate)
Why is sampling useful?
Because usually, it is not pratical to obtain information from the entire population
What is the minimum required for sampling
a sample size of 30
probability sampling wwhat is? how to select the sample?
Samples are selected randomly, without reseacher’s conscious decisions
Collect samples by number generator, dice
non probability sampling wwhat is? how to select the sample?
Samples are non-randomly selected, with researcher’s conscious decisions
Samples are selected subjectively( family/ close friends)
Probability sampling provide what, need when, type of sampling
Provide a representative samples
Use when needed a representative sample.
Type: Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Non-Probability sampling provide what, need when, type of sampling
Provide a subjective sample, not general
Use when needed a non-practical sampling(conducting interview, testing the question,…)
When needed a quick sample due to the limitation of time
Type: Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Simple random sampling
Simple random sampling is used to make statistical inferences about a population.
1. Decide on the population and sample size
2.Each member of the population will be given a number
3.Use the number generator to generate the numbers to choose the random sample.
4. Collect data from sample
Stratified random sampling
Select a sample that has proportionate makeup to the population based on age and sex (or other categories: ethnicity).
1. Decide on population, sample size
2. Divide the population into several suitable groups
3. Randomly select samples from each subgroups
4. Collect data from the sample
If random sampling is not used, it becomes quota sampling)
Quota sampling
Select a sample that has a proportionate makeup to the population based on age and sex(or other catergories)
Then selected samples that are convenient sources of sampling(closed friends, family)
Convenience sampling
Samples are selected because they are convenient sources of data, such as close friends, family, people walking down a street
How to sample (Question in Time practised)
Located students in different points that have been decided
Use stratified random sampling method to avoid biased.
Divide the population according to the categories(age, nationality)
Randomly choose the samples from each sub-groups
Collect the data 2-3 different times a day within the opening hours to ensure the accuracy of the representations.
Pie chart
Percentages
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