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Y9 FLASHCARDS > Geo Volcanoes etc. Y9 > Flashcards

Geo Volcanoes etc. Y9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lahars?

A

Lahars are mud flows of volcanic material (ash debris mixing with water)
Can reach 22 metres / second

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2
Q

What are volcanic landslides?

A

Slides of rock and loose volcanic material, driven by gravity

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3
Q

Features of lava flows?

A

They threat property (land) more than human life

Lava flows can cause large but localised economic losses

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4
Q

What are tsunamis

A

They are rare events that consist of a very high wave, reaching over 30 metres

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5
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Pyroclastic flows are hot rock fragments, lava particles, ash and hot gases
Linked with subduction zone volcanoes
Flow moves very quickly from its source

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6
Q

What are volcanic gases?

A

They include water vapour, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, helium and carbon monoxide
Rarely cause death
Heavier than air

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7
Q

What is ash and tephra fall?

A

Ash: material below 2 millimitres of diameter
Tephra: It is above 2mm
- FragmentaL magma that stays in the atmosphere and causes variations in weather patterns
- Can lead to breathing difficulties

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8
Q

Give one example of a composite volcano and name its caracteristics?

A

Mt Vesuvius:

  • Located in Italy, 9 miles from the city of Naples
  • 4,190 feet high and measures about 30 miles around its base
  • 17,000 years old (approx.)
  • Only volcano on European mainland that has erupted during the las century and is still active
  • Erupted over 50 times during last 2,000 years
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9
Q

Key characteristics of Volcanoes?

A
  • 50 eruptions each year
  • 17 tectonic plates
  • 500 active volcanoes
  • Most occur in Ring Of Fire (75%) in the Pacific
  • Shield/ Composite
  • Lava creates new land
  • Pyroclastic flows are more deadly then lava
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10
Q

Give one example of a shield volcano and name its characteristics?

A

Mauna Loa:

  • Largest shield volcano in the world
  • Makes up over half the island of Hawaii
  • Active volcano, last eruption in 1984
  • Eruptions of Mauna Loa feature slow moving lava flows
  • Has long, gradual slopes that extend to the sea floor
  • It rises from the sea floor to a summit of 9170m, greater than Mt Everest
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11
Q

What is the name of the outer layer and what are its features?

A

Crust:

  • Rocky outer layer, thin compared to the rest, approx 5-70km. If the Earth was an apple it would be the skin.
  • Made up of pieces called plates
  • 2 types of crust: Continental and Oceanic
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12
Q

What is the name of the layer before the crust and what are its features?

A

Mantle:

  • It is swmi-molten and about 3,000km thick.
  • It has convection currents in it moving the separate slabs of land called plates
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13
Q

Features of Continental Crust?

A
  • Mainly granite, older, lighter, thicker, forms the continents and it is found in Continents
  • Never destroyed at destructive plate margins
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14
Q

Oceanic Crust?

A

Mainly basalt, heavier, thinner and younger, forms the ocean bed and it is found under sea
- Constantly being created at constructive plate margins.

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15
Q

What is the name of the layer before the mantle and name its features?

A

Outer Core:

- It is 2,000km thick and is a liquid also made from iron and nickel

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16
Q

What is the name of the layer before the outer core and name its features?

A

Inner Core: 5,500 degrees Celsius, it is extremely hot, it is a very dense solid made from iron and nickel

17
Q

Tourism

What are the main features for visiting volcanoes?

A
  • They are an example of a wilder side of nature
  • Ther can be warm bathing lakes around like geysers
  • Local economies profit from volcanism throughout the year
18
Q

Minerals:

  • How are they produced from volcanoes?
  • 3 examples of minerals produced from volcanoes?
  • Give one way this can benefit people?
A

1) Magma contains minerals that are given out from the rock when it cools
2) Silver, gold, zinc
3) Volcanic areas are ideal for large scale mining

19
Q

Fertile soils:

1) How do soils become fertile?
2) Name 2 volcanoes that helped to improve the soil?
3) Name one way this can benefit people?

A

1) Rocks need thousands of years thousands of years to become rich soils by weathering and breaking down.
2) Vesuvius, African Rift Valley
3) The area is intensively cultivated and produces crops that make the local economy improve.

20
Q

Geothermal Energy:

1) What does it stand for?
2) 2 contries using it
3) A way to use geothermal energy at home?

A

1) Means heat enefgy from the earth
2) Iceland, New Zealand, Japan
3) Driving turbines and producing electricity
Heating water supplies used to provide heating and hot water.

21
Q

Features of shield volcanoes?

A
  • Found at constructive plate margins
  • low with gently sloping sides
  • Formed by eruptions of runny lava that travels long distances
  • Frequent and gentle eruptions
  • No alternating layers, only lava flows.
22
Q

Features of composite volcanoes?

A
  • steep-sided and cone-shaped
  • long periods between eruptions
  • violent eruptions, hot ash clouds and sticky lava
  • formed along destructive plate boundaries
  • made up of alternating layers of lava and ash.
23
Q

Main features of a conservative margin?

A
  • Tectonic plates move at different directions or speeds
  • Plates are locked together by friction
  • Pressure builds up until one plate breaks along a fault line
  • NO VOLCANOES
  • VIOLENT EARTHQUAKES
24
Q

Main features of constructive margin?

A
  • Oceanic plates move apart
  • Sea floor spreading occurs and leads to the formation of mid-ocean ridges. Magma rises to fill the gaps
  • UNDERWATER VOLCANOES
  • GENTLE EARTHQUAKES
  • Rift Valleys formed when 2 continental crust diverge
25
Q

Main features of collision margin?

A
  • Continental plates move together
  • Plates are too light to sink into the mantle
  • Plates buckle and fold to form mountains
  • RARE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
  • VIOLENT EARTHQUAKES
26
Q

Main features of the destructive margin?

A
  • Oceanic and Continental plates move together
  • Heavier oceanic crust is pushed down subducted beneath the continental crust which is folded upwards to form fold mountains
  • Ocean crust is melted and destroyed
  • EXPLOSIVE VOLCANOES
  • VIOLENT EARTHQUAKES
  • MOST HAZARDOUS BOUNDARIES
27
Q

How are volcanoes grouped together?

A

1) Depending on their shape and vent

2) Depending on the nature of the eruption

28
Q

Parts of the volcano?

A 
Ash cloud
Vent
Crater 
Throat
Lava Flow 
Ripe
Magma reservoir
29
Q

What is an Earthquake?

A

The shaking and vibration of the ground caused by movements of the Earth’s crust

30
Q

What is the Focus?

A

The focus of an Earthquake is the point under the ground that the shock waves travel out from

31
Q

Epicentre?

A

The point on the ground above the focus of an earthquake where the vibration is greatest

32
Q

Magnitude?

A

The amount of energy an earthquake gives out

33
Q

Ritcher Scale?

A

The force of an earthquake can be described using the Ritcher scale. Each point on the scale is ten times bigger than the one below it.

34
Q

Seismograph?

A

An instrument that measures the shaking of the ground to give the strength of an earthquake. It records the vibrations in a machine called seismogram

35
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

1) Earthquakes occur at plate margins
2) As the plates move past each other at the margins the movement is not smooth
3) The plates sometimes lock, causing pressure to build up
4) This pressure is suddenly released in a jerky movement
5) This release of pressure is called an earthquake

36
Q

Haiti Earthquake?

A 
-Death toll: Official figure of 316,000
Year: 2010
Number of people made homeless: 1.5mill
Magnitude: 7.0
Percentage of Civil servants killed: 25%
UN HDI ranking: 145th out of 169
Capital City: Port-au-Prince
37
Q

Reasons why impacts vary?

A
  • Distance from epicentre
  • The magnitude
  • Population density
  • Accesibility
  • Time of day
  • Time of year / climate
  • Quality of infrastructure
  • Education/ level of preparation

Y9 FLASHCARDS (10 decks)

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