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Y9 FLASHCARDS > BIOLOGY 9A > Flashcards

BIOLOGY 9A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key word for an organism’s surroundings?

A

Its environment

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2
Q

What do environmental factors do?

A

They are in all environments and they can change the organism, including other organisms and non-living factors such as temperature or the amount of light.

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3
Q

What is the name for the non-living factors such as temperature or light?

A

Physical Environmental Factors

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4
Q

What are characteristics?

A

They are the features of an organism.

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5
Q

What is variaton?

A

It is the name given for the differences between the characteristics of organisms.

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6
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

It is the variation caused by an organism’s environment.

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7
Q

Examples of Environmental variation in humans?

A
  • Scars (made by physical environmental factors, such as sharp objects or fire)
  • Hairstyles (they follow fashion, which is an environmental factor caused by other people in your environment)
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8
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Continuous variation is variation that can have any value between two points (range of values)
It can be affected by both environmental and inherited values

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9
Q

Example’s of continuous variation?

A
  • Height
  • Weight
  • Shoe Size
  • Hand size
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10
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

It is variation that can only have a value from a limited set of possible values.

Examples of discontinuous variation are inherited

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11
Q

Examples of discontinuous variation?

A
  • Hair colour
  • Eye colour
  • Gender
  • Skin colour
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12
Q

What is Classification?

A

Classification is the process of sorting organism’s into groups

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13
Q

What is the name for the smallest group an organism is classified into?

A

Its Species

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14
Q

What can members of the same species do?

A

They can reproduce with one another and the offspring will also be able to reproduce

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15
Q

What do offspring get?

A

Offspring get a mixture of characteristics from their parents.

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16
Q

What is the key word for getting a mixture of characteristics from your parents?

A

You inherit them

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17
Q

What is Inherited Variation?

A

It is the variation of the characteristics you get from your parents

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18
Q

Examples of inherited variation?

A
  • Human eye colour
  • Dimpled chins
  • Blood groups
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19
Q

What is stored in the genetic information and where is this info found?

A

The instructions for inherited characteristics and the genetic information is found inside the nuclei of cells.

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20
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A

Two gametes, (1 male and 1 female) fuse during fertilisation to produce a zygote.

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21
Q

What does the zygote contain?

A

Since it contains genetic info from both parents, the offspring will have some characteristics of each parent

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22
Q

What does every gamete contain? Give Examples?

A

Every gamete contains slightly different genetic info, no two gametes are identical.
Eg: People with dimpled chins some of their gametes carry the instructions for a dimpled chin and some of their gametes may not. Since all gametes are different brothers and sisters do not look exactly the same.

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23
Q

What do brothers and sisters share?

A

They share similar characteristics but only identical twins look identical

24
Q

What can inherited variation also be?

A

CONTINUOUS: Eg: Human height, skin colour. Can be affected by environmental factors, eg: tall parents are likely to produce tall children but children can only grow tall if they eat a healthy diet.
DISCONTINUOUS: Eg: blood group, being able to roll your tongue, having a dimpled chin.

25
Q

Give some names of people who helped with the discovery of DNA?

A
  • James Watson
  • Francis Crick
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Maurice Wilkins
26
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

DNA is found in structures called chromosomes inside the nuclei of cells

27
Q

What does each chromosome contain?

A

Each chromosome contains one enormously long DNA molecule.

28
Q

What does DNA store?

A

DNA stores genetic information, which controls inherited characteristics

29
Q

Where is genetic info specifically stored in?

A

Genetic info is not stored in all parts of a DNA molecule but only in sections called genes.

Few characteristics (eg: ABO blood group) are controlled by 1 gene
Most characteristics are controlled by many genes.
30
Q

What does a human cell nucleus contain?

A

46 chromosomes, which contain genes.

31
Q

What do most of our cells contain?

A

They contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in all)

Both cromosomes in a pair contain genes and are the same size, apart from the SEX CHROMOSOMES.

32
Q

What do girls have?

A

Girls have 2 X sex chromosomes, which are the same size. (XX)

33
Q

What do boys have?

A

Boys have 1 X sex chromosome and 1 much smaller Y sex chromosome. (XY)

34
Q

What do gametes contain unlike body cells?

A

Gametes only contain 23 chromosomes.

35
Q

When do gametes fuse, what happens?

A

The resulting zygote has 46 chromosomes.

36
Q

What happens after a zygote has formed?

A

After a zygote has formed, cell division occurs over and over again, forming a ball of cells, each of these cells contains identical copies of the same 46 chromosomes.

37
Q

What does the egg making cell make?

A

It makes egg cells in pairs, each egg cell contains 23 chromosomes

38
Q

What does the sperm making cell make?

A

It makes sperm cells in pairs. Each sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes.

39
Q

What does the zygote contain?

A

It contains 46 chromosomes, 23 from the sperm cell and 23 from the egg cell.

40
Q

The adaptations of an organism are due to what?

A

They are due to its genes

41
Q

What do changes in an ecosystem do?

A

They can affect species in an area because they may no longer be so well adapted to the new conditions.

42
Q

What happens if an organism is not so well adapted to its new conditions?

A

The organism may become endangered or extinct

43
Q

Canges in an ecosystem include:

A
  • Changes in physical environmental factors
  • Competition from other organisms
  • Disease
  • Human activities (hunting, clearing habitats, using poisons).
44
Q

Between grey squirrels and red squirrels, which one stores more fat in their bodies? What impact does this have?

A

Grey squirrels therefore if there is little food during a long winter, greys are more likely to survive therefore greys are better adapted than reds.

45
Q

What disease do grey squireels carry? What does it do?

A

They carry squirrel pox, this disease doesn’t affect greys but kills reds.

46
Q

What do extinctions do?

A

Extinctions upset ecosystems and change food webs therefore we need to preserve the biodiversity (number of different species) on earth.

47
Q

How can we preserve the biodiversity on Earth?

A
  • Banning the hunting of certain animals
  • Setting up nature reserves and starting breeding problems
  • We can also store parts of organisms (seeds, gametes) that can be used to produce the organisms again if they become extinct.
48
Q

How are parts of organisms stored?

A

These materials are stored at low temperatures in gene banks

49
Q

What are the 4 resources for which animals compete for?

A
  • Food
  • Water
  • Mates
  • Territory
50
Q

What do plants compete for?

A
  • Sunlight
  • Water
  • Nutrients/ Minerals
  • Space
51
Q

Why should we preserve biodiversity?

A
  • Organisms depend on one another (are interdependent)
  • We won’t be able to make use of organisms if they become extinct
  • More biodiverse areas recover better from natural disasters
52
Q

What are the processes of natural selection?

A

1) Mutation causes variation in the population
2) Environment changes
3) Particular characteristics gives some individuals an advantage to survive
4) These individuals are reproduced more than others over their life
5) The gene that gives these individuals an advantage is passed onto the next generation, and becomes more common.

53
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is a change over time in the characteristics of organisms

54
Q

Who took part in the hypothesis? What did it state?

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace took part in the hypothesis which suggested that natural selection caused evolution

55
Q

What happens as evolution occurs?

A

As evolution occurs, a population can become a new species

Y9 FLASHCARDS (10 decks)

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