geo extra Flashcards
Haiti and malawi
Developing
Cost of raising child in rich polace
More
What is intermediate technology
Intermediate technology is using equipment and techniques that are suitable for their country of use. Many poorer countries do not have the skills to maintain expensive equipment. Small-scale, basic solutions are usually more appropriate.
What is the thermohaline conveyor?
hermohaline circulation, also called Global Ocean Conveyor or Great Ocean Conveyor Belt, the component of general oceanic circulation controlled by horizontal differences in temperature and salinity.
Watch a vid on the thermohaline convyor
Ok
Natural causes of climate change
Heat-trapping Greenhouse Gases And The Earth’s Climate. …
Greenhouse Gases. …
Reflectivity or Absorption of the Sun’s Energy. …
Changes in the Earth’s Orbit and Rotation. …
Variations in Solar Activity. …
Changes in the Earth’s Reflectivity. …
Volcanic Activity.
Tree rings
The light-colored rings represent wood that grew in the spring and early summer, while the dark rings represent wood that grew in the late summer and fall. One light ring plus one dark ring equals one year of the tree’s life. The color and width of tree rings can provide snapshots of past climate conditions.
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Evidence for continental drift
the fit of the continents; the distribution of ancient fossils, rocks, and mountain ranges; and the locations of ancient climatic zones and drawings in caves showing animals that are now not located there
What is India?
A MEDC(more economically developed country) and an emerging nation
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What is outsourcing?
Agreement wher e companies hire another company to be responsible for an activity(helping eachother)
Explain the political significance of India
Worlds largest democracy and aprt of G20 and UN(also a BRIC)
3 parts of clark fisher model
Pre-undustrial, undustria and post iunmdustria
job sectors in clark fisher model
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
What are the negatives of Rostows theory
Forgets uniqueness of different countries and it is out of date and based on Europe nit the whole world
What is Malawi
LEDC. Lots of diseases and problems with agricultural sector
What is top down development?
funded by large companies or decisions made by the national government
Local people do not get involved much+
more people impacted+
easy to sustain+
produces new jobs+
could trickle down+
expensive-
does not help people as much-
What is bottom up development?
Helps small villages or towns
local people get involved+
government does not make decision
helps people significantly+
cheaper+
helps less people+
harder to sustain-
Three Gorges Dam
+used to generate hydroelectric energy for China. Shanghai will be helped which is home to 13 million people. Helping central and eastern.
+environmentally friendly as it produces renewable energy
+job opportunities
+replacing coal so stopping climate change
- high cost(25 billion pounds)
- fishermen ordered to leave and now cannot make a living
- 2million people had to move house
- increased erosion due to less sediment transported
- increased chances of landslides
- habitats disrupted
Water aid
Uk company
formed to help people in Africa who need access to clean water
charity
+helps improve peoples lifes durastically
+less wildlife disrupted
+helps Africa to develop
- hard to sustain(a lot of villages are back to how they were before due to lack of money)
- less people helped
- 360million pounds has been wasted on warer infrastructure
- population pressures as size increases(more people want to live there due to access to clean water source)
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What is holding Malawi back?
Malawi is landlocked which means trade with overseas countries is a challenge.
Climate change is also negatively affecting Malawi, increasing temperature is leading to evaporation and water shortages. Food shortages caused by droughts.
Extremely bad pollution.
85% of population lives in rural areas
What other factors are holding Malawi back?
The policies of world trade organisation do not help Malawi
Exports raw materials(primary products)
Why was Bangladesh vulnerable and what were the responses?
Not many people had access to media through mobile phones, radio or tv. This meant they were unaware of the upcoming cyclone. After cyclone more people had mobile phones.
Satellite forecasting is expensive but after the cyclone they invested 150millionUSD
They also now have advanced storm surge defences and evacuation strategies. 3500 cyclone shelters
positive factor that have contributed to indias economicdeveloment
arge coastline-good for trading
varied landscape-good to increase tourism indus
negativge factor that have contributed to indias economicdeveloment
himalyas to the north-which blocks trade to china
surroudning countires -face conflict which might deter some tncs tom india
social/economic/historical facotr that contribute to indias economic development
ndias teriary/quatanery sector have grown-45percent of india gdp
india has 12 ports and 20 major airports
2009 india made primary education for free
96 percent of people enrolled in school
posotive impacts of economic growth
ncreased life excpectyancy -impropved diet and healthcare
employment-96 percent of schools lead to greater variey of employment opportuntites
Reduced birth and fertillity rate as women get married later and contreception.
negatives of economic growth
Rapid urbansiation-growth of cities,leading to greater divifde between urban and rural
Equality of women-still a problem especially in rural areas.Rural areas increase by (20percent)
India accounts for 7 percent of gloabl greenhouses
benefits of glowing global importance
as india gets richer other countires want to sell product and services to them
emerging countirees often provide aid and investmenst in there region
Other countires and Tncs want to invest in them,so their investmnets grow rapidly to.
Negatives of glowing global importance
Developed countires block emerging countires from sharing power
pressure of emerging countires to cut down on greenhouse emissions
other neighbouring countird may becomes hostile due to a build up of millitary defnse.
Does air sink or rise at polar cell?
Sink
Cells
block, look it up
What wind speed is a hurricane
74mph
Process of hurricane being formed?
- warm air currents rise from the ocean, as it rises more air rushes to replace it
- updraughts of air contain huge volumes of water vapour from the oceans which condense to produce cumolonimbus clouds
- coriolis force causes rising currents of air ti spiral around the centre of the tropical cyclone so it resembles a whirling cylinder. Some of it descends to form the clear, still and cloudless eye of the storm
- as it tracks away from its source it is fed new heat and moisture which makes it more powerfull
- Once it reaches a landmass it loses its energy source from the ocean. Air pressure rises as temperature falls. Winds drop, rainfall decreases and it decays to become a more storm
Reveal Answer
What was the size, date and location of the Japanese earthquake?
March 11 2011
9 magnitude earthquake
off the east coast of Japan
What were some of the long and short term impacts on people for the Japanese earthquake?
short:
15,894 people died
332,395 buildings were damaged
4.4 million households left with no electricity
long:
economy(cost 235 billionUSD)
Japans transport network suffor huge disruptions
tsunami
What were some of the short and long term environmental impacts of the Japan earthquake?
short:
land fall
tsunami that was 40m high
800 earthquakes of 4.5 or more were recorded following the main one
long:
plate shifts(pacific plate shifted 20 to 40 metres west)
250 mile stretch of coast dropped by 0.6(bad for stopping the tsunami)
land movement
What are some of the preperations for earthquakes in Japan and strategies?
rescue services and healthcare
shelter and rebuilding
tsunami barriers and international aid
earthquake prediction
earthquake proofing the buildings
warning systems
What was the size, date and location of the Haiti earthquake
12th of january 25km from the capital with a magnitude of 7
What were some of the short and long term effects for the Haiti earthquake?
230,00 deaths
250,000 dwellings destroyed
8 hospitals and presidential palace destroyed
disease and cholera outbreak due to poor sanitation
1 in 5 lost their jobs
people emigrating out of the country
responses to the Haiti earthquake
damaged port so slow
USA sent rescue team and 10,000 troops
bottled water and purification tablets provided
UK government donated 20 million pounds
Haiti became dependant on overseas aid from China and other countries
new homes built new airport built
When where and what magnitude was Hurricane katrina?
magnitude 5 that weakened to 3 at landfall in New Orleans and coastal Loisiana in august 2005.
What were the impacts of hurricane Katrina?
1,800 died
300,00 homes destroyed
300 billion USD of damage
tourism decreased
80 percent of New Orleans flooded
so crops destroyed
habitats destroyed
What were the responses TO KATRINA
criticism
50 billion USD in aid was given by the government
UK sent food aid
national guard mobilised to restore law and order
When where and of what magnitude was cyclone aila?
Bay of bengal on 25th may 2009
What were some of the impacts of cyclone Aila?
190 people died
750,000 made homeless
crops flooded with salty water which killed the crops
by mid 2010 200,000 people still living in temporary shacks
loss of 59,00 animals
sickness and typhoid were problems
What were the responses of cyclone aila?
weather forcasting(bad as not many people had access to broadcasts) did not change too much
satellite tech, did not have it prior but announced it was going to spend 150 million USD on developing their satellite technology(expensive)
warning systems increased with campaigns and posters and leaflets and film and volunteers
Evacuation strategies improved such as shelters built in coastal districts
Explain the properties of the inner core
solid iron and around 5200 temp
Destructive plate boundary
Destructive or converging is where oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes the melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger an earthquake, magma rises up through cracks to the surface
Explain the properties of the outer core
liquid iron and nickle 4000-5000
Explain the properties of the lower mantle
solid and 1600-4000 temp
What are plumes?
part of convection current where the heat is rising. Concentrated zone of heat where the crust is weakened and volcanoes can occur.
Oceanic vs continental crust
continental froms on land and is mostly made out of granite which is a low density igneuous rock it is also much thicker.
Oceanic crust-forms under the ocean. it is much thinner and is much denser. Formed out of the igneous rock basalt
What is the evidence for continental drift?
fossil evidence and places like india looking like they were once part of a larger body of land
What is subdutction
enser oceanic crsut sinks below continental crust at a convergent plate boundary. THhe subducted crust melts and new crust is formed at divergent plate boundaries which means the age of the crust varies greatly.
Why is inner core solid
Intense gravity and pressure
What is the volcanic explosivity index?
measures the explosivity of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 1-8. It looks at the level of material ejected by the volcano and the scale is logarithmic
Explain the properties of the asthenosphere
partially molten and 900-1600 temp
What is the ITCZ?
Inter-tropical convergance zone. The name for where 2 hadley cells meet. High rainfall caused by low pressure. It moves around to follow the most direct energy from the sun.
Where do tropical cyclones develop?
large, still warm ocean with a surface temp above 26.5 degrees over long periods. Form in late summer.
Strong winds in troposphere around 10-12km above the earths surface
A strong force created by the eraths rotation called corriolis force
do not form near the equator. Between 5 and 30 degrees latitude
What year was haiti earthquake
2010
Why does age of crust vary sometimes
When crust is melted at a convergent or destructive plate boundary not collision
What is the asthenosphere?
the upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.
What is the lithosphere?
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
What makes the water sink?
More salty water which is then rapidly replaced which causes current
What sits at top when sun warms water
Warmer less dense water sits on top
How does salinity change
Patterns in evaporation and precipittation and lower salinity at equator then increases then decreases towards polls
Salt water means
Denser
What else can cause earthquakes?
● Tsunami can be caused by landslides (1) which causes water to be
displaced generating waves. (1)
● Tsunami can be caused by underwater volcanic eruptions (1) which
causes water to be displaced giving large waves. (1)
● Tsunami can be caused by large meteor strikes (1) which displaces
large quantities of water causing large waves. (1)
● Upward movement of a tectonic plate (1) causing the movement of
water. (1)
● The movement of plates (1) causes friction to occur (1)
● Earthquakes (1) transfer energy to the water causing it to move
Natural causes of climate change/
Volcanic eruptions (1) cause cooling as incoming solar radiation is
blocked by volcanic dust. (1)
● Asteroid collisions (1) can cause cooling as large quantities of ash and
dust to be kicked up into the atmosphere. (1)
● Increased/decreased sunspots/solar flare activity (1) cause
warmer/cooler periods as more/less solar energy is released towards
the earth. (1)
● Changes in the earth’s orbit / Milankovitch cycles (1) can cause
cooling or warming of the earth as the amount of solar radiation
received by earth varies. (1)
● Volcanic eruptions (1) can lead to a warming of the earth as more
What makes it hard for people to evacuate
A country being short distance from coast
Is haiti landlocked
No
Is malawi landlocked
Yes
What does response depend on
Severity
How many national guard troops were mobilised?
58000
How much aid did US government give?
62.3 billion
When was evacuation order processed Katrina
Less than 24hours before it made landfall which is late
Did US have many satellites?
No
Is years attending school in HDI?
Yes
What does more money mean
More obesity as more disposable income
What does development mean for healthcare
Morew people move to urban areas so more pressure
Is Bihar or Maharashta more dense?
Maharashta
Where is mumbai
In maharashta which attracts people
What do TNC’s cause
Income inequalities in the country
What do tNCS’s develop
Transport links and technology for the area
Indigenous people and TNCs
TNCS overpower indeginous companies
TRhings that effect impact of disaster
Magnitude, cost of buildings, defences, warnings, insurance only in rich country so more economic loss,
Why do projections of sea levels vary?
● Humans may adopt more renewable energy sources (1) which will
lead to less global warming and less sea ice melt (1).
● Future rates of economic development are difficult to predict (1)as
countries develop they may either reduce or increase their emissions
(1).
● Future rates of population growth are uncertain (1) so a reduced
rate of growth may lead to less global warming and lower sea level
rise (1)
● There could be an increased volcanic activity (1) which may result in
lower sea level rise nearer the 20cm lowest projection. (1)
● A rapid increase in fossil fuel use (1) could cause a 200 cm increase
(1).
● The process of climate modelling may have inaccuracies (1), it is
difficult to make accurate future projections as there are so many
variables (1).
What volcanoes do divergent volcanoes form?
Shield
What forms composite volcanoes
Convergent
What can data be
Outdated
Suggest one way in which systems of governance can cause inequaliti
Open economic policies (1) encourage foreign investment
which leads to faster development (1) which benefit some
groups e.g. those who are employed (1).
● Colonialism (1) resulted in colonies being exploited for the
economic gain of colonial powers (1) with unequal trading
relationships established (1).
● Gender bias within governments (1) may result in widening
inequalities between men and women (1) which leads to pay
differences (1).
● Government policy which focus on development in specific
regions (1) increases inequalities between wealthy / poor
regions (1) for example the investment in new infrastructure in
urban areas (1)
● Racial bias within governments (1) negatively effects certain
ethnic groups (1) which has led to the persecution of people for
their religion
High levels of corruption often correspond to low levels of
development (1). In such countries, public finances may not be
used effectively (1) limiting spending on public services such as
schools and hospitals (1).
● In countries where corruption is high, government officials
may make poor decisions regarding public finances (1). A lack
of investment in health services (1) may result in lower life
expectancies (1).
● Countries where governments have invested in
education/healthcare tend to develop faster (1). A
healthy/educated population encourages investment (1) and the
workforce more able to contribute to economic growth (
) Explain one disadvantage of intermediate technology
Intermediate technology does not often benefit a large number
of people (1) so may not have much of a positive impact on an
area’s quality of life (1).
● Micro-hydroelectricity can be an unreliable form of power (1)
because of variations in rainfall. (1)
● Intermediate technology often does not have direct
government support (1), therefore may incur financial
difficulties (1).
● Intermediate technology often still involves some cost / some
can’t afford it (1) whichmeans not all of the community will be able
to benefit (1).
● Intermediate technology can be unreliable (1) requiring regular
repairs (1).
● Intermediate technology is not well suited to address issues at a
national scale (1) such as transport and communication
infrastructures
How does FDI’s benefit emerging countries
FDI increases the number of jobs (1) which leads to an increase in
tax revenue for the government (1).
● FDI creates jobs (1) which, in turn, leads to the population
learning new skills (1).
● TNCs invest in local infrastructure (1) which can benefit
existing local industries (1).
● FDI may introduce new technologies (1) that can help further
development for ‘local’ businesses.
● FDI leads to the multiplier effect (1) leading to further economic
development
Explain two negative impacts of the rapid economic development of an emerging
country on different age group
Air pollution (1) leads to breathing problems amongst the elderly
/ young people (1)
● Often there are not enough jobs leading to unemployment for
young people (1) as a consequence of rapid rural to urban
migration (1)
● Rapid rural to urban migration (1) leads to an ageing population
in rural areas who have no-one to look after them (1).
● TNCs in emerging countries are known to employ young children
resulting in them not attending school (1) and their education
suffering as a consequence (1).
● Rural to urban migration (1) leads to an inactive ageing population
in rural areas who are often economically inactive (1
What is india trading partners with
US and EU
pUSH AND
PULL FACTORS
) Explain two ways in which changes in the area of Arctic ice may have
consequences for people.
Melting Arctic ice will lead to rises in sea levels (1) which may result
in coastal flooding (1).
● Melting ice can lead to the destruction of animal habitats (1) which
people rely upon to provide food and furs (1).
● Melting sea ice can have an effect on ocean circulation (1) potential
leading to climate changes (1).
● Melting Arctic ice can result in the release of methane from
permafrost (1) leading to further global warming (1).
● Unstable ice can lead to difficulties when fishing (1) leading to
injuries and death (1).
● Melting ice leads to transport becoming difficult (1), isolating
communities (1).
● Decreasing Arctic ice can lead to an erosion of indigenous cultures
(1) as traditional sources of employment are replaced by work in the
oil/gas industry (1).
● Early spring ice melting will give a longer fishing season (1), this will
lead to increased incomes for indigenous people (1).
● Melting Arctic ice opens new shipping routes (1), boosting trade and
being a source of employment in Arctic towns (1).
● Reduced Arctic sea ice coverage will lead to increased oil
exploration in the area (1), this will provide a source of employment
for local people (1).
) Explain two reasons why tropical cyclones lose their energy
marks for each explanation.
● When tropical storms reach land (1), they no longer have access to
warm water which is their source of power (1).
● Tropical storms lose energy when they move into areas of cooler
water (1). They require water with a temperature of above 26.5
degrees Celsius (1).
● They lose energy when they meet different weather systems (1)
where winds are blowing in the different directions / wind shear is
high (1)
People affected by aila
90% of them were from low income groups
Maternal mortality rate
The annual number of deaths per 100 000 women whilst pregnant
or in childbirth
) Explain one reason why fertility rates fall as countries develop
Improving education/literacy levels in women (1) improves knowledge of birth control
methods (1).
● As female education improves (1) women are more likely to have opportunities for
careers/employment (1).
● More money Is spent on birth control programmes (1) educating the population about
the advantages of having smaller families (1).
) Explain one advantage of using intermediate technology.
Intermediate technology makes use of local materials (1) which are cheap and easily
available (1).
● Intermediate technology involves low-tech solutions to help local people (1) which can
easily be repaired should they break down (1).
● Intermediate technology uses cheap materials (1), which can be afforded by poor
people in developing societies (1)
Colour map
Cloropleth map with different shading to show x…
Explain two ways economic development can lead to water pollution.
ndustrial activity (1) can release chemicals into local water sources (1).
● Increasing urban populations can put stress on sanitation systems(1) which can result
in untreated sewerage entering local rivers (1).
● Leakage from poorly managed garbage collection facilities (1) can contaminate
groundwater supplies (1).
● The disposal of rubbish in rivers (1) can release chemicals into water sources (1
What is economic liberilsation
the processes, including government policies, that promote free trade, deregulation, elimination of subsidies, price controls and rationing systems, and, often, the downsizing or privatization of public services
