Genomics Flashcards
what is the genome?
all the genetic material
what happened in 1800s?
mendel and his laws of inheritence
what happened in 1952 and 53?
photograph 51 - structure of DNA
53 - correct DNA model finally modelled
what happened 1988?
PCR
what is PCR?
where u exponentially amplify DNA fragments - made more efficient by heat tolerant Taq polymerase which is isolated by bacteria
when were the animal and human genomes sequenced?
animal - 1998
human (draft) - 2001
what are the challenges of next-gen sequencing?
not sequence generation
bioinformatics
tools to put sequences ‘back’ together
how do we measure genome size?
as haploid content, in bp by sequencing the assembly of genome
has a c-value - the constant value of haploid DNA content per cell in a species
what is the C-value paradox?
that organismal complexity is unrelated to genome size - genome size can be similar across taxa but variable within groups- adaptive function?
what are transposons?
chunks of DNA sequence that move around the genome sometimes copying themselves
what are the two classes of transposable elements?
retrotransposons
DNA transposons - differ in if they use an RNA intermediate to move
how do transposable elements explain a lot of the variation in genome size?
the effects can be deleterious
effects can confer a selective advantage e.g peppered moths
effects can be neutral - no selective pressure to purge from the population - dead transposons which explain most of C-value paradox
what does the first case study show?
that in leaf cells there are parallels to cancer research - mutation and differentiation within organisms
what does the second case study show?
pacific field cricket - theres a species that is an acoustically orientating fly parasite
invasion of this parasite
1. flatwing phenotype arose on one island and moved to the other
2. convergent evolution
