GENOMIC SEQUENCING Flashcards
genomic sequencing
- In genomic sequencing the sequencing of nucleotide bases can be determined for individual genes and entire genomes.
- Computer programmes can be used to identify base sequences by looking for the sequences similar to known genes.
comparing genomes from different species
to compare genomes from different species, sequences data, computer and statistical analyses (bioinformatics) are required.
comparison of genomes
comparison of genomes reveals that many genes are highly conserved across different organisms
comparison of genomes II
many genomes have been sequenced, particularly disease causing organisms, pest species and species that are important model organisms for research.
phylogenetics
is the study of evolutionary history and relationships
determining main sequence of events in evolution
evidence from phylogenetics and molecular clocks are used to determine the main sequence of events in evolution.
determining main sequence of events
the main sequence of events can be determined using sequence data and fossil evidence
use of sequence data
to study the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms. Sequence divergence is used to estimate time since lineages diverged.
main sequence of events:
- cells
- last universal ancestor
- prokaryote
- photosynthetic organisms
- eukaryotes
- multicellularity
- animals
- vertebrates
- land plants
molecular clocks
- used to show when species diverged during evolution.
- They assume a constant mutation rate and show differences in DNA sequences or amino acid sequences.
- Therefore, differences in sequence data between species indicate the time of divergence from a common ancestor.
individual genomes
An individual’s genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases.
Pharmacogenetics
is the use of genome information in the choice of drugs.
An individual’s personal genome sequence
can be used to select the most effective drugs and dosage to treat their disease (personalised medicine).
