Genomemetronomechickenboneashytone ass nigga Flashcards
where are chromosomes located
nucleoplasm
what are the closed and open chromatid regions in interphase chromosomes called
closed - heterochromatin
open - euchromatin
out of euhcromatin and heterochtomatin, which one transcribed and why
euchromatin is typically transcribed because it is relaxed and open
what is the function of chromosomal territories (TAD’s)
topologically associated domains help separate heterochromatic and euchromatic regions
what determines wether a chromatin is open or closed
histone modifications dictate wether the chromatid is a eu/heterochromatid
difference between cis/trans-acting non-coding regions
cis - is not transcribed
trans - are transcribed - RNA
what are the 4 flavours of gene variations
SNP - single nucleotide polymorphisms
IDP - insertion deletion polymorphisms
SSR - simple sequence repeats
CNV - copy number variants
why do CNV class of mutations occur and what are the consenquences
unequal crossing over during mitosis 1
phenotypes can vary tremendously
Mendel’s first postulate
an organism inherits 2 alleles for each gene, one from each parent
Mendel’s second postulate
if the alleles are heterozygous, the dominant allele determines the phenotype
Mendel’s 3rd postulate, 1st law
during gamete formation, the two alleles segregate randomly, one to each pole
if they are homozygous them all the gametes will contain the same allele
if heterozygous, the half of the gametes will contain one and the other half will contain the other allele
what is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of F2 of parents that are homozygous recessive and the other homozygous dominant
genotypic ratio - 1:2:1
phenotypic ratio - 3:1
Mendel’s 4th postulate, 2nd law
independent assortment - genes on a chromosome assort independently on their gene locus to other genes on different loci
evident in dihybrid inheritance
in dihybrid inheritance with parents with both genes heterozygous (TtRr x TtRr) what is the phenotypic ratio
9:3:3:1
what is reciprocal recessive epistasis, and what is the ratio
in dihybrid inheritance, a dominant allele must be present in both genes for the gene to be expressed
9:7
what is dominant epistasis, and the ratio
one dominant allele on one gene produces the same phenotype regardless of the status of the alleles on the other gene
12:3:1
what are duplicate dominant genes with cumulative effects and the phenotypic ratio
when a single dominant allele on a gene changes supresses a specific phenotype, both alleles on a single gene must be recessive for the gene to be expressed,
when both genes are homozygous recessive, it produces another phenotype
AaBb - 9
Aabb/BBaa - 6
aabb - 1
dominant and recessive, and the ratio
dominant allele from one gene and a recessive allele from the other gene produce the same phenotype
13:3
difference between differentiation and determination
determination - internal mechanisms determine the identity of the cell
differentiation - changes in cell morphology and other characteristics to become specialised
difference between pluri/multipotent cells and totipotent
pluripotent - can become several cells
totipotent - can become all cell types
what is loose binding
the core of RNA polymerase has a specificity for DNA
in bacterial RNA polymerase what is the function of the alpha sub-units
enzyme assembly
promotor recognition
binds to some activators
what is the function of the beta sub-units in bacterial RNA polymerase
they are the catalytic centre of the enzyme
what is the function of the sigma sub-unit in bacterial RNA polymerase
promoter specificity, ensures binding at promoter sequence only