Genitourinary Flashcards
1
Q
Features of kidney cancer
A
- most common type is RCC → malignant cancer of PCT epithelium
- often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally
- 25% have metastasis at presentation
2
Q
Risk factors of kidney cancer
A
- haemodialysis
- smoking
- HTN
3
Q
Presentation of kidney cancer
A
classic triad
- haematuria
- flank pain
- palpable abdominal mass
- classic cancer symptoms
- may present with varicocele
4
Q
Investigations for kidney cancer
A
- US
CT chest/abdomen/pelvis
DIAGNOSTIC = renal biopsy
5
Q
Management of kidney cancer
A
- full/partial nephrectomy
- mayo prognostic risk score → predict survival, guide treatment
6
Q
Complications of kidney cancer
A
- polycythaemia
- HTN
- hypercalcaemia
- Cushings
7
Q
Features of bladder cancer
A
- most common GU tract malignancy
- most common type = transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
8
Q
Risk factors of bladder cancer
A
- 50-80
- male
- caucasian
- smoking
- pelvic radiation
- bladder stone due to chronic inflammation
- exposure to dye/rubber/leather/textiles/paint → hairdresser, painter
9
Q
Presentation of bladder cancer
A
- painless haematuria → visible or non-visible
- urgency
- suprapubic/pelvis mass/pain
- recurrent UTI without bacteriuria
- systemic symptoms
10
Q
Investigations for bladder cancer
A
haematuria clinic
- urinalysis → sterile pyuria
- CT urogram → staging
- bloods
- DIAGNOSTIC = flexible cystoscopy
11
Q
Treatment for bladder cancer
A
- chemo
- radiotherapy
- symptomatic relief
- transurethral resection of bladder tumour
- cystodiathermy
- cystectomy
12
Q
What is Goodpasture’s
A
- autoantibodies to type4 collagen in glomerular and alveolar membrane
- can cause rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis → renal failure
13
Q
Presentation of Goodpasture’s
A
- SOB
- oliguria
14
Q
Diagnosis of Goodpasture’s
A
anti-GBM autoantibodies in bloods and biopsy
15
Q
Management of Goodpasture’s
A
- plasma exchange
- steroids
- cyclophosphamide → immune suppression
