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Phase 2a Resits Red Conditions > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is prolonged QT syndrome?

A

where the QT interval is greatly increased

ECG DIAGNOSTIC

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2
Q

Causes of prolonged QT syndrome

A
  • congenital
  • hypokalaemia
  • hypocalcaemia
  • drugs → amiodarone, tricyclic antidepressants
  • bradycardia
  • acute MI
  • diabetes
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3
Q

Presentation of prolonged QT syndrome

A
  • syncope
  • palpitations
  • may progress to VF
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4
Q

Treatment of prolonged QT syndrome

A
  • cardioversion
  • treat underlying cause
  • if acquired → IV isoprenaline
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5
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A
  • systemic infection common in developing countries
  • from Lancefield group A B-haemolytic streptococci
  • antibody from cell wall cross-reacts with valve tissue → permanent damage to heart valves
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6
Q

Symptoms of rheumatic fever

A
  • fever
  • arthritis
  • chest pain
  • SOB
  • fatigue
  • chorea → jerky movements
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7
Q

Signs of rheumatic fever

A
  • tachycardia
  • murmur → depends on valve
    pericardial rub
  • erythema marginatum
  • prolonged PR interval
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8
Q

Investigations for rheumatic fever

A

Jones criteria

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9
Q

Treatment for rheumatic fever

A
  • rest until CRP is normal
  • IV benzylpenicillin then phenoxymethylenicillin for 10 days
  • analgesia
  • haldoperidol/diazepam for chorea
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10
Q

Causes of cardiogenic shock

A
  • pump failure
  • MI
  • cardiac arrest
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11
Q

Pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock

A
  • decreased CO
  • decreased MAP
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12
Q

Presentation of cardiogenic shock

A
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnoea
  • decreased urine output, BP
  • cold peripheries
  • chest pain
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13
Q

Treatment for cardiogenic shock

A
  • ABCDE
  • rescucitation
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14
Q

Causes of hypovolaemic shock

A
  • low fluid volume
  • haemorrhage
  • dehydration
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15
Q

Pathophysiology of hypovolaemic shock

A
  • decreased MAP
  • decreased CO
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16
Q

Presentation of hypovolaemic shock

A
  • tachypnoea
  • weak rapid pulse
  • cyanosis
  • increased CRT
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17
Q

Treatment of hypovolaemic shock

A
  • ABCDE
  • resuscitation
  • fluids
  • vasodilator GTN
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18
Q

Causes of septic shock

A

toxins. inblood

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19
Q

Pathophysiology of septic shock

A
  • decreased MAP
  • derangement in physiology
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20
Q

Presentation of septic shock

A
  • tachycardia
  • D&V
  • decreased urine output, O2, BP
21
Q

Treatment of septic shock

A
  • broad spectrum IV Abs
  • fluid
  • O2
22
Q

Causes of anaphylactic shock

A

severe allergic reaction

23
Q

Pathophysiology of anaphylactic shock

A
  • histamine release
  • vasodilation
  • hypoxia
24
Q

Treatment for anaphylactic shock

A
  • rescucitation
  • adrenlaine
25
Q

What does resuscitation entail in shock

A
  • CPR
  • fluids
  • O2
26
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

a group of diseases of the myocardium that affect mechanical or electrical function

27
Q

What are the types of cardiomyopathy?

A
  • hypertrophic
  • dilated
  • restricted
28
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

the left ventricle is dilated with thin muscle → contracts poorly

29
Q

Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • ischaemia
  • alcohol
  • thyroid disorder
  • genetic
30
Q

Pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • poorly generated contractile force → progressive dilation of the heart
  • diffuse interstitial fibrosis
  • systolic dysfunction of left or both ventricles
31
Q

Signs of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • HF
  • arrhythmia
  • thromboembolism
  • increased JVP
  • sudden death
32
Q

Symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • SOB
  • fatigue
  • dyspnoea
33
Q

Investigations for dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • chest xray → cardiac enlargement
  • ECG → tachycardia, arrhythmia, T wave changes
  • echo → dilated ventricles
34
Q

Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

treat cause

35
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

ventricular hypertrophy → obstruction of outflow tract

36
Q

Causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • genetic → autosomal dominant
  • 50% sporadic
37
Q

Pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • gene mutation for sarcomere protein
  • impaired diastolic filling
  • reduced stroke volume
  • reduced CO
38
Q

Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • sudden death may be first symptom
  • chest pain/angina
  • dyspnoea
  • dizziness
  • palpitations
  • syncope
39
Q

Signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • ejection-systolic murmur
  • jerky carotid pulse
  • left ventricular outflow obstruction
40
Q

Investigations for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • ECG → T wave inversion, deep Q waves
  • genetic analysis
41
Q

Treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • amiodarone → anti-arrhythmic
  • CCB → verapamil
  • beta blocker → atenolol
42
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

scar tissue replaces normal heart muscle and ventricles become rigid so don’t contract properly

43
Q

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • amyloidosis
  • idiopathic
  • sarcoidosis
  • end-myocardial fibrosis
44
Q

Symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • dyspnoea
  • fatigue
  • embolic symptoms
45
Q

Signs of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • increased JVP → diastolic collapse, elevated on inspiration
  • hepatic enlargement
  • ascites
  • oedema
  • 3rd and 4th heart sounds
46
Q

Pathophysiology of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • normal/decreased volume in both ventricles
  • bi-atrial enlargement
  • impaired ventricle filling
  • rigid myocardium restricts ventricular filling
47
Q

Investigations for restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

DIAGNOSTIC = cardiac catheterisation

48
Q

Treatment for restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

no treatment → poor prognosis

Phase 2a Resits Red Conditions (10 decks)

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