genitourinary 1 Flashcards
in hypospadias urethral orifice is on ___
ventral aspect
in epispadias urethral orifice is on
dorsal aspect
balanitis is
inflammation of glans penis
balanoposthitis is
inflammation of overlying prepuce
smegma can lead to
phimosis
risk factors of penis tumors
poor hygiene, smoking, HPV
condyloma acuminatum is benign or malignant
benign
condyloma acuminatum is caused by
HPV (mostly 6 and 11)
histo of condyloma acuminatum
thickened epidermis (acanthosis) and hyperkeratosis koilocytosis
squamous cell carcinoma in situ/ bowen disease benign or malignant
malignant
squamous cell carcinoma in situ/ bowen disease caused by
high risk HPV (16)
invasive squamous cell carcinoma benign or malignant
malignant
invasive squamous cell carcinoma caused by
HPV 16 > 18
invasive squamous cell carcinoma looks like
papular, crusted, ulcerated lesion on glans or prepuce
hydrocele is
accumulation of serous fluid (clear) within tunica vaginalis
scrotal
hematocele is
accumulation of blood in tunica vaginalis
scrotal
chylocele is
accumulation of lymphatic fluid in tunica vaginalis
scrotal
cryptorchidism is
failure of testicular descent into scrotum
crytorchidism leads to increased
risk of testicular cancer
and incidence of inguinal hernias
treatment of cryptorchidism
orcgiopexy
torsion is
twisting of the spermatic cord
obstruction of testicular venous drainage &intense vascular engorgement and infarction
risk factors of testicular neoplasms
cryptorchidism
genetics of testicular neoplasms
isochromosome 12p
testicular neoplasms arise from
germ cell or sex cord stroma
germ cell neolasia in situ is found in
parenchyma adjacent to tumor
most common pure germ cell tumor is
seminoma
tumor markers of seminoma
10% of patients will have increased hCG
ovarian counterpart of seminoma
dysgerminoma
seminoma looks like
homogenous, lobulated white mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis
large uniform cells with distinct cell borders, glycogen rich cytoplasm with lymphocytic infiltrate
spermatocytic tumor lacks
lymphocytic infiltrates and granulomas
do spermatocytic tumors metastasize
no
embryonal carcinoma is more aggressive than
seminoma
embryonal carcinoma looks like
invasive masses with hemorrahge and necrosis
large tumor cells w/prominent nuclei
tubular, alveolar, papillary growth patterns
yolk sac tumor is the most common
testicular tumor in children
good prognosis
tumor markers of yolk sac tumors
increased AFP levels
distinct structure of yolk sac tumor
schiller-duval bodies
choriocarcinoma benign or malignant
highly malignant
choriocarcinoma tumor cells differentiated into cells resembling
trophoblasts
tumor markers of choriocarcinoma
increased hCG
ectoderm teratoma is in
neural tissue, skin
mesoderm teratoma is in
muscle, cartilage
endoderm teratoma is in
thyroid, bronchial epithelium
pure teratomas are most common in
infants and kids
prepubertal teratomas benign or malignant
benign
postpubertal terastomas benign or malignant
malignant and capable of metastasis
seminomas remain confined to
testis for long periods
metastasis to iliac and para-aortic lymph nodes
nonseminomatous germ cell tumors spread through
lymphatic and hematogenous
liver, lung
most hyperplastic lesions in prostate arise in
inner transition zone
most carcinomas in prostate arise in
peripheral zones
benign prostatic hyperplasia is common cause of
prostatic enlargement caused by proliferation of glandular and stromal elements
urinary obstruction
DHT is ultimate mediator of
prostatic growth
treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
agents that inhibit formation of DHT and surgery
what is the most common cancer in men
prostatic carcinoma
prostatic carcinoma treatment
surgery and radiotherapy, active surveillance for low grade cancers, androgen deprivation for metastatic disease
PSA assay is for
prostatic carcinoma
cancer is dependent on ___ for survival
androgens
squamous cell carcinoma in situ/ bowen disease occurs in
older uncircumsized males
squamous cell carcinoma in situ/ bowen disease appears grossly as
solitary plaque on the shaft of the penis.
