Genital and Kidneys

Question 1

A maldescended testis has a high chance of

Answer 1

Developing malignancy

Question 2

A tender, indurated testis suggests

Answer 2

Orchitis (usually bacterial infection STI or mumps).

Question 3

Small firm testes suggests

Answer 3

Endocrine disease or testicular atrophy due to alcohol/drug ingestion.

Question 4

feels like a bag of worms in the

scrotum

Answer 4

Variocele. Testis will lie horizontally.

Question 5

feels like a bag of worms in the scrotum

Answer 5

Variocele. Testis will lie horizontally. Left side could mean underlying left kidney problems.

Question 6

Scrotal mass: ask first

Answer 6

If it’s possible to get above it. Have the patient stand up. If there is no upper border, It is descending from the inguinal canal.

Question 7

Describe using the transilluminoscope

Answer 7

With the patient in a
darkened room, a small torch is applied to the side of the swelling by invaginating the scrotal wall. A cystic mass will light up, while a solid mass remains dark.

Question 8

ammoniacal fish breath

Answer 8

Kidney failure

Question 9

The skin colour may be from slate grey to

bronze, due to

Answer 9

iron deposition in dialysis patients
who have received multiple blood transfusions, but
these signs are becoming less frequent with the use of
exogenous erythropoietin

Question 10

(1) Muehrcke’s nailsa refer to paired white
transverse lines near the end of the nails; these occur in
(2) Half-and-half nails (distal nail brown or red, proximal nail pink or white) are also
seen in

Answer 10

(1) hypoalbuminaemia

(2) CKD

Question 11

(1) Muehrcke’s nailsa refer to paired white
transverse lines near the end of the nails; these occur in
(2) Half-and-half nails (distal nail brown or red, proximal nail pink or white) are also
seen in

Answer 11

(1) hypoalbuminaemia

(2) CKD

Question 12

Anaemia is common in CKD and causes palmar crease
pallor. There are a number of causes of anaemia
in patients with CKD, including

Answer 12

poor nutrition (especially folate deficiency), blood loss, erythropoietin deficiency, haemolysis, bone marrow depression and the chronic disease state.

Question 13

Bruising occurs because of

Answer 13

nitrogen retention,
which causes impaired prothrombin consumption,
a defect in platelet factor III and abnormal platelet
aggregation in CKD

Question 14

Chest: CKD

Answer 14

• Congestive cardiac failure
• Hypertension (sodium and water retention)
• Pulmonary edema
• Pericarditis