Genetics Review

Question 1

Exclusion

Answer 1

if any of the alleles don’t match

Question 2

Inclusion

Answer 2

if all alleles match
cannot conclude DNA came from same person
much calculate random match probability (RMP)

Question 3

Sum rule

Answer 3

if two events are mutually exclusive, can add probabilities to determine the probability of one or the other happening

Question 4

Product rule

Answer 4

if two events are independent, can multiply probabilities to determine the probability of both happening

Question 5

Independence

Answer 5

outcome of one event does not affect outcome of other event

Question 6

Law of segregation

Answer 6

alleles separate during meiosis

Question 7

Law of independent assortment

Answer 7

loci separate during meiosis

Question 8

Population genetics

Answer 8

study of genetic variation and how it changes in time and space
summarized as allele and genotype frequencies

Question 9

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium requirements

Answer 9

infinite population (no drift)
random mating (no selection)
no mutation
no migration
no selection

Question 10

Linkage equilibrium

Answer 10

alleles from different loci are randomly associated

Question 11

Statistic

Answer 11

some observable property of a sample

Question 12

Population

Answer 12

set of objects of interest

Question 13

Sample

Answer 13

subset of population that was observed

Question 14

Null hypothesis

Answer 14

no difference (between groups, between observed and expected, between source of Q and K)

Question 15

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 15

there is a difference (between groups, between observed and expected, between source of Q and K)

Question 16

Type I error

Answer 16

Ho is true, but reject Ho

wrongfully accused –> wrong person in jail

Question 17

Type II error

Answer 17

Ho is false, but don’t reject Ho

wrongfully acquitted –> let criminal go

Question 18

P

Answer 18

probability of getting observed results (or results more extreme) if null hypothesis is true
if p< alpha, reject Ho

Question 19

Chi-square equation

Answer 19

sum of ((O-E)^2/E)

Question 20

Chi-square requirement

Answer 20

expected need to be greater than five and none less than 1

Question 21

Permutation test

Answer 21

type of randomization test
shuffle original data and sample many times (1000+)
compare observed data to randomized data to determine how unusual observed data is
to test HWE or LE, would randomly draw pairs of alleles to see how distribution of randomized genotypes compares with observed distribution of genotypes

Question 22

Likelihood ratios

Answer 22

compare probabilities of the evidence under two alternative propositions (usually Ho and Ha)
often comparing Hp and Hd
LR=Hp/Hd

Question 23

Hp

Answer 23

Ho, hypothesis of prosecution

Question 24

Hd

Answer 24

Ha, hypothesis of defense