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NCEA Science, level 1 > Genetics Part 2 > Flashcards

Genetics Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A organism of unknown genetic type is crossed with a recessive gene example to workout its genotype.

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2
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Choosing animals with a desired genetic trait and breeding them together.

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3
Q

What is cloning

A

Asexual reproduction which produces offspring identical to the parent and siblings.

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4
Q

Name the four bases the genes are made of.

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine.

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5
Q

Fruit flys have 8 chromosomes in its body cells, how many will be in its sex cells?

A

4

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6
Q

A horse has 33 chromosomes in its sex cells. How many will it have in its body cells?

A

66

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7
Q

What is the process replication in cells?

A

Chromosomes make copies of themselves.

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8
Q

What paired sequence would match this sequence of DNA have? C T A G T G C T

A

G A T C A C G A

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9
Q

Describe the percentage genotypes produces by this cross

A

50% DD and 50% Dd

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10
Q

Which of the following Chromosome combinations is male?

XX or XY

A

XY

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11
Q

What is the chromosome combination of a female?

A

XX

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12
Q

What is the main function of chromosomes?

A

To carry the inherited material of the organisim.

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13
Q

What is the main function of a gene?

A

To code for a particular trait e.g. hitch-hikers thumb

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14
Q

List advantages of selective breeding possible in cattle?

A

Increased milk production, better meat quality, faster growth rates, more offspring per birth, drought resistance etc.

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15
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

A thread like strucuture found in the nucleus of cells

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16
Q

Why are siblings different from one another?

A
  1. Crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis creates unique combinations of genes from parents.
  2. Random fertilisation of sex cells.
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17
Q

What type of cells are produced during meiosis?

A

Gametes / sex cells

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18
Q

What type of cells are produced during mitosis?

A

Body cells for growth and repair.

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19
Q

Describe the cells produced by meiosis.

A

Four unique sex cells/ gametes each with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

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20
Q

Describe the cells produced by mitosis.

A

Two genetic identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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21
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnet square below.

A

100 % Rr

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22
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnet square below.

A

25% TT

50% Tt

25% Tt

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23
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnet square below.

A

50% Cc

50% cc

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24
Q

What sequence would pair opposite to match this sequence of DNA?

A T C G A G C T

A

T A G C T C G A

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25
Q

What does ‘semi-conservative replication’ mean?

A

When chromosomes replicate on strand of DNA is original and the other is new.

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26
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

A gene which is not expressed as often in a population.

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27
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

The gene which is expressed even if a recessive gene is present.

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28
Q

What does ‘homozygous’ refer to?

A

The fact that alleles for a gene are the same, e.g. TT or tt

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29
Q

What letters are used to denote that sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y

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30
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnett square below.

A

25% SS

50% Ss

25% ss

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31
Q

What is the name given to describe alternative versions of a gene?

A

Alleles

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32
Q

What does the word ‘sibling/s’ mean?

A

The brother/s or sister/s

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33
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physically observable expression of a genotype, e.g. curly hair, attached earlobes, etc.

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34
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The actual alleles an organism possesses, e.g. BB, Dd, kk, etc.

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35
Q

What are the three substances that create a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, sugar and base.

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36
Q

Describe the base pairing rules.

A

A pairs with T

C pairs with G

(and visa versa)

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37
Q

What does ‘heterozygous’ refer to?

A

Alleles for a gene are different e.g. Tt, Ss or Ff ect.

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38
Q

Name the scientist that is considered the founder of Genetics.

A

Gregor Mendel

39
Q

Where does meiosis happen in the body?

A

Testes and ovaries

40
Q

Where does mitosis occure in the body?

A

Everywhere except in the testes and ovaries.

41
Q

How many cell divisions take place in meiosis?

A

Two

42
Q

How many cell divisions take place in mitosis?

A

One

43
Q

Does ‘crossing over’ happen in mitosis or meiosis?

A

Meiosis

44
Q

Does ‘independent assortment ‘ happen in mitosis or meiosis?

A

Meiosis

45
Q

What is ‘crossing over’?

A

Information is swapped from one chromosome to another.

46
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

The process where the chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis.

47
Q

What is variation?

A

Genetic differences between organisim within a population.

48
Q

What is a gene?

A

The single instruction which codes for a particular characteristic.

49
Q

Name the structure that breaks down during mitosis before the chromosomes line up across the cell equator.

A

Nuclear membrane

50
Q

Where would you find the ‘poles of the spindle’?

A

At opposite ends of the cell/spindle during cell division.

51
Q

Is mitosis involved in the production of sperm and/or eggs?

A

No

52
Q

Name the part of the body where the cell division called mitosis happens.

A

Everywhere apart from in the sex cells and red blood cells.

53
Q

Does mitosis produce cells which are genetically identical or different?

A

Identical

54
Q

Name the structure that holds identical chromatides together in a replicated chromosome.

A

Centromere

55
Q

How many pairs of chromsosmes does a human skin cell have?

A

23

56
Q

How many chromsosmes does a human heart cell have?

A

46 chromosomes

(23 pairs)

57
Q

how many different bases are there in DNA?

Give the letters

A

Four

A T C & G (order is not important)

58
Q

What name is given to the entire genetic information of an organisim?

A

Genome

59
Q

What is the name of a fertilised egg?

A

Zygote

60
Q

Fill in the gap.

Homologous chromosomes are _______ of chromosomes, one form each of the mother and the father.

A

Pairs

61
Q

Cells with two sets of chromosomes are called haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

62
Q

What descriptive word beginning with A can be used to explain how the sugar and phosphate molecules are arranged on a DNA strand?

A

Alternating

63
Q

Chromosomes are divided into smaller sections called what?

A

Genes

64
Q

Which part of a DNA strand codes for particular proteins?

A

Genes

65
Q

What part of a nucleotide varies?

A

Base

66
Q

Where in a cell is DNA concentrated?

A

Nucleus

67
Q

In a sample of DNA 20% is the base Thymine (T).

What percentage would be Cytosine (C)?

You can work this out 😉

A

30% will be Cytosine (C)

  • T always pairs with A so 20%. + 20*% = 40%
  • that leaves 60%*
  • C always pairs with G so 60% / 2 = 30%*
68
Q

In a sample of DNA 15% of the bases are Guanine (G).

What percentage will be Cytosine (C)?

A

15%

69
Q

What in the name of the sugar molecule in DNA?

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Glucose

A

Deoxyribose

70
Q

Cell division by mitosis is used in the body for what functions?

A

Growth and repair

71
Q

In mitosis how many ‘daughter cells’ are produced?

A

Two

72
Q

How do the chromosomes line up in mitosis after they have replicated?

Singly or in pairs

A

Singly

73
Q

Where is the ‘equator’ found in cells?

A

Across the middle of the cell

74
Q

Name the structure along which the chromosomes are pulled during mitosis.

A

Spindle (apparatus/fibres)

75
Q

When can chromosomes be seen is cells?

A

During cell division

76
Q

Name the copies of DNA during cell division.

A

Chomatides

77
Q

What do spindles attach to on the chromosomes?

A

Centromeres

78
Q

Which base does Adenine (A) pair with?

A

Thymine (T)

79
Q

What does the ‘A’ stand for in DNA?

A

Acid

80
Q

What molecule alternates with sugar to make the sides/uprights of DNA?

A

Phosphate (group/molecule)

81
Q

What molecule alternates with Phosphate to make the sides/uprights of DNA?

A

Sugar / deoxyrobose (molecule)

82
Q

What word means to copy when describing DNA multiplying?

A

Replicate / replication

83
Q

What words are used to describe the shape of DNA

(twisted ladder)

A

Double helix

84
Q

What type of weak bond attracts one base to the other in DNA?

A

Hydrogen (bond)

85
Q

Name the DNA unit that includes a Base, sugar and phosphate group molecules?

A

Nucleotide

86
Q

What bases would pair with C T A on the opposite side of the DNA strand?

A

G A T

87
Q

What does the term ‘semi-conservative’ mean with regard to DNA replication?

A

That the new strand will have one side from the old strand and one new one.

88
Q

DNA is a triple code.

What does a sequence of 3 bases ‘code for’?

A

An amino acid, specific

89
Q

What is created when many, many amino acids are joined together?

A

Protein molecule

90
Q

How many hydrogen bonds exisit between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T)?

A

Two

91
Q

How many hydrogen bonds exisit between Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)?

A

Three

92
Q

What does the double helix of DNA look like?

A

A twisted ladder

93
Q

Which is bigger, a chromosome or a gene?

A

Chromosome

NCEA Science, level 1 (7 decks)

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