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NCEA Science, level 1 > Genetics Part 2 > Flashcards

Genetics Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A organism of unknown genetic type is crossed with a recessive gene example to workout its genotype.

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2
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Choosing animals with a desired genetic trait and breeding them together.

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3
Q

What is cloning

A

Asexual reproduction which produces offspring identical to the parent and siblings.

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4
Q

Name the four bases the genes are made of.

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine.

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5
Q

Fruit flys have 8 chromosomes in its body cells, how many will be in its sex cells?

A

4

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6
Q

A horse has 33 chromosomes in its sex cells. How many will it have in its body cells?

A

66

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7
Q

What is the process replication in cells?

A

Chromosomes make copies of themselves.

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8
Q

What paired sequence would match this sequence of DNA have? C T A G T G C T

A

G A T C A C G A

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9
Q

Describe the percentage genotypes produces by this cross

A

50% DD and 50% Dd

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10
Q

Which of the following Chromosome combinations is male?

XX or XY

A

XY

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11
Q

What is the chromosome combination of a female?

A

XX

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12
Q

What is the main function of chromosomes?

A

To carry the inherited material of the organisim.

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13
Q

What is the main function of a gene?

A

To code for a particular trait e.g. hitch-hikers thumb

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14
Q

List advantages of selective breeding possible in cattle?

A

Increased milk production, better meat quality, faster growth rates, more offspring per birth, drought resistance etc.

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15
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

A thread like strucuture found in the nucleus of cells

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16
Q

Why are siblings different from one another?

A
  1. Crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis creates unique combinations of genes from parents.
  2. Random fertilisation of sex cells.
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17
Q

What type of cells are produced during meiosis?

A

Gametes / sex cells

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18
Q

What type of cells are produced during mitosis?

A

Body cells for growth and repair.

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19
Q

Describe the cells produced by meiosis.

A

Four unique sex cells/ gametes each with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

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20
Q

Describe the cells produced by mitosis.

A

Two genetic identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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21
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnet square below.

A

100 % Rr

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22
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnet square below.

A

25% TT

50% Tt

25% Tt

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23
Q

Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnet square below.

A

50% Cc

50% cc

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24
Q

What sequence would pair opposite to match this sequence of DNA?

A T C G A G C T

A

T A G C T C G A

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25
What does 'semi-conservative replication' mean?
When chromosomes replicate on strand of DNA is original and the other is new.
26
What is a recessive gene?
A gene which is not expressed as often in a population.
27
What is a dominant gene?
The gene which is expressed even if a recessive gene is present.
28
What does 'homozygous' refer to?
The fact that alleles for a gene are the same, e.g. TT or tt
29
What letters are used to denote that sex chromosomes?
X and Y
30
Describe the genotype percentages for the Punnett square below.
25% SS 50% Ss 25% ss
31
What is the name given to describe alternative versions of a gene?
Alleles
32
What does the word 'sibling/s' mean?
The brother/s or sister/s
33
What is a phenotype?
The physically observable expression of a genotype, e.g. curly hair, attached earlobes, etc.
34
What is a genotype?
The actual alleles an organism possesses, e.g. BB, Dd, kk, etc.
35
What are the three substances that create a nucleotide?
Phosphate, sugar and base.
36
Describe the base pairing rules.
A pairs with T C pairs with G (and visa versa)
37
What does 'heterozygous' refer to?
Alleles for a gene are different e.g. Tt, Ss or Ff ect.
38
Name the scientist that is considered the founder of Genetics.
Gregor Mendel
39
Where does meiosis happen in the body?
Testes and ovaries
40
Where does mitosis occure in the body?
Everywhere except in the testes and ovaries.
41
How many cell divisions take place in meiosis?
Two
42
How many cell divisions take place in mitosis?
One
43
Does 'crossing over' happen in mitosis or meiosis?
Meiosis
44
Does 'independent assortment ' happen in mitosis or meiosis?
Meiosis
45
What is 'crossing over'?
Information is swapped from one chromosome to another.
46
What is independent assortment?
The process where the chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis.
47
What is variation?
Genetic differences between organisim within a population.
48
What is a gene?
The single instruction which codes for a particular characteristic.
49
Name the structure that breaks down during mitosis before the chromosomes line up across the cell equator.
Nuclear membrane
50
Where would you find the 'poles of the spindle'?
At opposite ends of the cell/spindle during cell division.
51
Is mitosis involved in the production of sperm and/or eggs?
No
52
Name the part of the body where the cell division called mitosis happens.
Everywhere apart from in the sex cells and red blood cells.
53
Does mitosis produce cells which are genetically identical or different?
Identical
54
Name the structure that holds identical chromatides together in a replicated chromosome.
Centromere
55
How many pairs of chromsosmes does a human skin cell have?
23
56
How many chromsosmes does a human heart cell have?
46 chromosomes | (23 pairs)
57
how many different bases are there in DNA? Give the letters
Four A T C & G (order is not important)
58
What name is given to the entire genetic information of an organisim?
Genome
59
What is the name of a fertilised egg?
Zygote
60
# Fill in the gap. Homologous chromosomes are _______ of chromosomes, one form each of the mother and the father.
Pairs
61
Cells with two sets of chromosomes are called haploid or diploid?
Diploid
62
What descriptive word beginning with A can be used to explain how the sugar and phosphate molecules are arranged on a DNA strand?
Alternating
63
Chromosomes are divided into smaller sections called what?
Genes
64
Which part of a DNA strand codes for particular proteins?
Genes
65
What part of a nucleotide varies?
Base
66
Where in a cell is DNA concentrated?
Nucleus
67
In a sample of DNA 20% is the base Thymine (T). What percentage would be Cytosine (C)? *You can work this out 😉*
30% will be Cytosine (C) * T always pairs with A so 20%. + 20*% *= 40%* * that leaves 60%* * C always pairs with G so 60% / 2 = 30%*
68
In a sample of DNA 15% of the bases are Guanine (G). What percentage will be Cytosine (C)?
15%
69
What in the name of the sugar molecule in DNA? Ribose Deoxyribose Glucose
Deoxyribose
70
Cell division by mitosis is used in the body for what functions?
Growth and repair
71
In mitosis how many 'daughter cells' are produced?
Two
72
How do the chromosomes line up in mitosis after they have replicated? Singly or in pairs
Singly
73
Where is the 'equator' found in cells?
Across the middle of the cell
74
Name the structure along which the chromosomes are pulled during mitosis.
Spindle (apparatus/fibres)
75
When can chromosomes be seen is cells?
During cell division
76
Name the copies of DNA during cell division.
Chomatides
77
What do spindles attach to on the chromosomes?
Centromeres
78
Which base does Adenine (A) pair with?
Thymine (T)
79
What does the 'A' stand for in DNA?
Acid
80
What molecule alternates with sugar to make the sides/uprights of DNA?
Phosphate (group/molecule)
81
What molecule alternates with Phosphate to make the sides/uprights of DNA?
Sugar / deoxyrobose (molecule)
82
What word means to copy when describing DNA multiplying?
Replicate / replication
83
What words are used to describe the shape of DNA (twisted ladder)
Double helix
84
What type of weak bond attracts one base to the other in DNA?
Hydrogen (bond)
85
Name the DNA unit that includes a Base, sugar and phosphate group molecules?
Nucleotide
86
What bases would pair with C T A on the opposite side of the DNA strand?
G A T
87
What does the term 'semi-conservative' mean with regard to DNA replication?
That the new strand will have one side from the old strand and one new one.
88
DNA is a triple code. What does a sequence of 3 bases 'code for'?
An amino acid, specific
89
What is created when many, many amino acids are joined together?
Protein molecule
90
How many hydrogen bonds exisit between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T)?
Two
91
How many hydrogen bonds exisit between Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)?
Three
92
What does the double helix of DNA look like?
A twisted ladder
93
Which is bigger, a chromosome or a gene?
Chromosome

NCEA Science, level 1 (7 decks)

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