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NCEA Science, level 1 > Genetics Part 1 > Flashcards

Genetics Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The part of the cell that contains the genetic information is the….

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

The substance carrying the organisms genetic information

A

Deoxyribo-nucleic acid

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3
Q

Threadlike structures of DNA and protein found in the the nucleus of cells. Carries the genetic information in the form of genes

A

Chromosome

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4
Q

Having the same structural features (length) and pattern of genes

A

Homologous chromosomes

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5
Q

A photo of an individuals chromosomes cut out and arranged according to their size.

A

Karyotype

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6
Q

A short length of DNA that carries the genetic code for a particular trait/characterisitic or cell activity.

A

Gene

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7
Q

Different forms of the same gene - they can be dominant or recessive

A

Allele

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8
Q

Parts of DNA involved in pairing - cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine

A

Base

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9
Q

Forms the basic strucutural unit of DNA composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group and a base

A

Nucleotide

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10
Q

Carries instructions to the next generation and determines phenotype

A

DNA

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11
Q

A genetically determin characteristic

A

Trait

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12
Q

The differences between organisms within a population - can be continuos or discontinuous

A

Variation

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13
Q

Cell division body cells for growth and repair - produces 2 new cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

Cell divination that takes place in the testes and ovaries producing 4 new cells (gametes). These are genetically different from each other and the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

Reproductive cells that contain half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell.

A

Gamete

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16
Q

A fertilised ovum/egg that contains a full set of chromosomes

A

Zygote

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17
Q

Reproduction involving only one parent (usually female) - offspring are identical to the parent and each other.

A

Asexual reproduction

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18
Q

Reproduction that involves two parents - offspring are different from the parents and each other

A

Sexual reporduction

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19
Q

Oganismums that are produced asexually and are identical to both its parent and siblings

A

Clone

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20
Q

The particular alleles of an organisim

A

Triat

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21
Q

A permanent change to the base sequence of DNA

A

Mutation

22
Q

The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from it genotype.

A

Phenotype

23
Q

When individuals which are homozygous are bred their offspring will always produce the same offspring. This is called what?

A

Pure breeding

24
Q

The name given to alleles for a trait when they are the same in an individual.

A

Homozygous

25
Q

The name given to alleles for a particular trait when they are the different in an individual.

A

Heterozygous

26
Q

To work out the genotype of an individual they are bred with a homozygous recessive individual. What is this called?

A

Test cross

27
Q

If an allele is expressed even if only one is present is described as what?

A

Dominant

28
Q

If an allele is expressed only when both alleles are the same is described as what?

A

Recessive

29
Q

Alleles written in upper case, e.g. A, are what type of allele?

A

Dominant

30
Q

Alleles written in lower case, e.g. a, are what type of allele?

A

Recessive

31
Q

A diagram or family tree that shows the phenotypes of related individuals is what?

A

Pedigree chart

32
Q

Having a single set of chromosomes(n) is what?

A

Haploid

33
Q

When there is a full set of chromosomes (2n); having a pair of each type of chromosome is…

A

Diploid

34
Q

If an individual carries a gene for a particular recessive trait and that trait is not expressed but can pass it to offspring. That individual is a what?

A

Carrier

35
Q

The basic building blocks of all proteins are …

A

Amino acids

36
Q

When two strands of nucleotides wind around each other what is the share of the structure produced?

A

Double helix

37
Q

What shape is the structure of DNA

A

Double helix

38
Q

The name given to the process of male and female gametes joining together

A

Fertilisation

39
Q

The product of reproduction - a new organism produced by one or more parents is what?

A

Offspring

40
Q

Made up of amino acids in different combinations to produce many different types which are used in all many roles in living systems.

A

Proteins

41
Q

The name given to to a chart that shows the possible combinations of alleles that result from a genetic cross.

A

Punnett square

42
Q

What type of replication takes place when a new DNA helix has one strand from the original and one new strand?

A

Semi-conservation replication

43
Q

What do chromosomes X and Y determin the sex of an individual? What are they called?

A

Sex chromosomes

44
Q

When genetic information is exchanged between homozygous chromosomes is it called what?

A

Crossing over

45
Q

The process responsible for forming new alleles is called what?

A

Mutation

46
Q

BB x bb breed.

What is the general name given to their offspring?

A

F1 generation

47
Q

BB x bb breed then these offspring breed.

What is the general name given to the next generation of offspring?

A

F2 generation

48
Q

These genetic differences are important for a population and species in a changing environment. How do we describe these differences?

A

Variation

49
Q

Pest infestation, disease, drought and flood are all examples of what?

A

Environmental change

50
Q

When the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the equator - maternal or paternal - independent of other homologous pair it is called what?

A

Independant assortment

NCEA Science, level 1 (7 decks)

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