Genetics Notes/Study guide

Question 1

The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring

Answer 1

Heredity

Question 2

Physical characteristics that are studied in Genetics

Answer 2

Trait

Question 3

different forms of a gene, represented by letters (ex. T or t)

Answer 3

Allele

Question 4

The offspring of many generations that have the same trait. (TT or tt)

Answer 4

Purebred or Homozygous

Question 5

Organism that has two different alleles for a trait. (Tt)

Answer 5

Hybrid or Heterozygous

Question 6

“Stronger” trait represented by capital letters in genetics

Answer 6

Dominant

Question 7

“Weaker” trait represented by lowercase letters in genetics

Answer 7

Recessive

Question 8

factors that control a trait

Answer 8

Gene

Question 9

***Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics for his work with pea plants.

Answer 9

how well did you know please rate

Question 10

a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur

Answer 10

Probability

Question 11

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.

Answer 11

Punnett Square

Question 12

*Make sure you know how to set up and complete a punnett square

Answer 12

do you know how to do this please rate.

Question 13

an organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits. (ex. dimples, freckles)

Answer 13

Phenotype

Question 14

an organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations (ex. TT, Tt, tt)

Answer 14

Genotype

Question 15

the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, both alleles are expressed in the offspring

Answer 15

Codominance

Question 16

genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

Answer 16

Chromosome theory

Question 17

the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to from sex cells (sperm and eggs)

Answer 17

Meiosis

Question 18

** Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46

Answer 18

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Question 19

**Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes each

Answer 19

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Question 20

DNA is made up of 4 nitrogen bases that make up the rungs of the DNA “ladder”

Answer 20

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Question 21

A pairs with

Answer 21

T

Question 22

T pairs with

Answer 22

A

Question 23

G pairs with

Answer 23

C

Question 24

C pairs with

Answer 24

G

Question 25

- The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced.

Answer 25

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Question 26

The production of proteins. The cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce specific proteins

Answer 26

Protein Synthesis

Question 27

Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins; RNA has the same nitrogen bases as DNA except Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) and RNA is single stranded

Answer 27

RNA (ribonucleic acid) (ribo-nucleic- acid)

Question 28

RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm.

Answer 28

Messenger RNA (mRNA

Question 29

any change in a gene or chromosome | bad or good (help full or not)

Answer 29

Mutation

Question 30

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (ex. Blood type)

Answer 30

Multiple Alleles

Question 31

carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female

Answer 31

sex chromosome

Question 32

xx

Answer 32

female

Question 33

xy

Answer 33

male

Question 34

a trait that is carried on the X or Y chromosome (ex. Color blindness, hemophilia)

Answer 34

sex linked traits

Question 35

a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele

Answer 35

carrier

Question 36

an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes (ex. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)

Answer 36

genetic disorder

Question 37

is a disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines.

Answer 37

cystic fibrosis

Question 38

is a disorder that can cause people’s red blood cells to have an unusual sickle or half moon shape

Answer 38

sickle cell anemia

Question 39

a chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

Answer 39

pedigrees

Question 40

a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.

Answer 40

karotype

Question 41

an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced.

Answer 41

clone

Question 42

The process of inserting copies of a gene directly into a person’s cells. May be used someday to correct some human genetic disorders.

Answer 42

gene therapy

Question 43

all the DNA in one cell of an organism.

Answer 43

genome

Question 44

represented by a circle

Answer 44

female

Question 45

represented by a square

Answer 45

male

Question 46

A completely shaded square or circle indicates

Answer 46

person has the trait

Question 47

A half-shaded square or circle indicates

Answer 47

person is a carrier (they are a hybrid)