Genetics Notes/Study guide Flashcards
The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heredity
Physical characteristics that are studied in Genetics
Trait
different forms of a gene, represented by letters (ex. T or t)
Allele
The offspring of many generations that have the same trait. (TT or tt)
Purebred or Homozygous
Organism that has two different alleles for a trait. (Tt)
Hybrid or Heterozygous
“Stronger” trait represented by capital letters in genetics
Dominant
“Weaker” trait represented by lowercase letters in genetics
Recessive
factors that control a trait
Gene
***Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics for his work with pea plants.
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a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
Probability
a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.
Punnett Square
*Make sure you know how to set up and complete a punnett square
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an organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits. (ex. dimples, freckles)
Phenotype
an organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations (ex. TT, Tt, tt)
Genotype
the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, both alleles are expressed in the offspring
Codominance
genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.
Chromosome theory
the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to from sex cells (sperm and eggs)
Meiosis
** Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46
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**Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes each
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DNA is made up of 4 nitrogen bases that make up the rungs of the DNA “ladder”
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A pairs with
T
T pairs with
A
G pairs with
C
C pairs with
G
- The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced.
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The production of proteins. The cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce specific proteins
Protein Synthesis
Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins; RNA has the same nitrogen bases as DNA except Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) and RNA is single stranded
RNA (ribonucleic acid) (ribo-nucleic- acid)
RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm.
Messenger RNA (mRNA
any change in a gene or chromosome
bad or good
(help full or not)
Mutation
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (ex. Blood type)
Multiple Alleles
carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female
sex chromosome
xx
female
xy
male
a trait that is carried on the X or Y chromosome (ex. Color blindness, hemophilia)
sex linked traits
a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele
carrier
an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes (ex. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)
genetic disorder
is a disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines.
cystic fibrosis
is a disorder that can cause people’s red blood cells to have an unusual sickle or half moon shape
sickle cell anemia
a chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait
pedigrees
a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.
karotype
an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced.
clone
The process of inserting copies of a gene directly into a person’s cells. May be used someday to correct some human genetic disorders.
gene therapy
all the DNA in one cell of an organism.
genome
represented by a circle
female
represented by a square
male
A completely shaded square or circle indicates
person has the trait
A half-shaded square or circle indicates
person is a carrier (they are a hybrid)
