Genetics Final Material

Question 0

Less

Answer 0

Malignant tumors are generally (more/less) differentiated than the tissues from which they develop

Question 1

Somatic

Answer 1

Carcinogenic mutations from both internal and external sources occur mostly in _______ cells

Question 2

Driver Mutation

Answer 2

Mutation that directly leads to cancer

Question 3

Passenger Mutation

Answer 3

Mutation that leads to genomic instability, but does not directly lead to cancer

Question 4

TERT (Telomerase reverse transcriptase)

Answer 4

Activation of a subunit of telomerase, ____, allows cancer cells to avoid replicative senescence

Question 5

VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)

Answer 5

Proliferation of ____ signal protein leads to sustained angiogenesis is many cancer cells

Question 6

Dominant

Answer 6

Oncogenic mutations act in a (dominant/recessive) fashion

Question 7

EGFR (Endothelial growth factor receptor)

Answer 7

Growth factor oncogene that leads to proliferation

Question 8

c-SRC

Answer 8

Signal transduction EZ that was the first identified human oncogene.

Question 9

Ras

Answer 9

GTP binding proto-oncogene whose mutated form is locked into a permanently “on” state

Question 10

ERBB (HER1-4)

Answer 10

A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily that
consists of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors
and additional three members

Question 11

T

Answer 11

(T/F) The EGFR oncogene is altered in many epithelial tumors by diverse mechanisms

Question 12

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 12

Genes that function to prevent malignant transformation and restrain cell growth

Question 13

T

Answer 13

Tumor suppressor gene mutations can be somatic or in the germline

Question 14

Recessive (one is enough to prevent cancer)

Answer 14

Tumor suppressor genes typically act in a (dominant/recessive) fashion

Question 15

Germinal

Answer 15

In hereditary cancers the first tumor suppressor gene mutation is (somatic/germinal)

Question 16

Haplosufficient

Answer 16

If a tumor suppressor gene heterozygote doesn’t develop tumors they are considered _______________

Question 17

Haploinsufficient

Answer 17

If a tumor suppressor gene heterozygote does develop tumors they are considered _________________

Question 18

p53

Answer 18

Best known tumor suppressor gene transcription factor that is mutated in 50-70% of all cancers

Question 19

Tissue specific

Answer 19

BRCA1 and rb are ______ ________ mutations of tumor suppressor genes

Question 20

Gatekeepers

Answer 20

Tumor suppressor genes directly regulating tumor growth by inhibiting their growth or promoting their death (rb, p53)

Question 21

Caretakers

Answer 21

Tumor suppressor genes that do not directly suppress tumor growth, yet inactivation of these genes leads to genetic instability that indirectly promotes tumor growth (BRCA1, HPNCC)

Question 22

Caretaker

Answer 22

Mutation of (gatekeeper/caretaker) tumor suppressor genes usually occurs first

Question 23

G1/S

Answer 23

The wild type genes of Rb and p53

Question 24

F

Answer 24

(T/F) Most tumors carry only oncogenic or tumor suppressor gene mutations

Question 25

F (not usually)

Answer 25

(T/F) Oncogenes are sometimes implicated in inherited cancer

Question 26

T

Answer 26

(T/F) Proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes coding for proteins homologous to the viral ones

Question 27

Mutator

Answer 27

The _______ phenotype is linked to mutations in

DNA mismatch repair and DNA replication genes

Question 28

Microsatellite instability

Answer 28

Mutations in MMR machinery parallel tumor suppressor genes and lead to what?

Question 29

T

Answer 29

(T/F) Translocations can generate new genes or move genes to a different regulatory promoter

Question 30

A

Answer 30

Many leukemias develop from:
A) Gross chromosomal translocations
B) Oncogene mutations
C) Tumor suppressor gene mutations

Question 31

C-ABL

Answer 31

_____ is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Question 32

BCR-ABL

Answer 32

_______ is constitutively active and activates downstream proteins: ras and AKT and prevents apoptosis

Question 33

Mutator Genes

Answer 33

_____________ are a subtype of tumor suppressor genes
that enhance genomic instability and increase the risk
of cancer

Question 34

CpG (C -> G)

Answer 34

Dinucleotides that are covalent chemical DNA modifications most commonly methlyated

Question 35

Epigenetic Trait

Answer 35

A stable, mitotically and meiotically heritable phenotype that results from changes in gene expression

Question 36

Dnmt 1 (DNA methyl transferase 1)

Answer 36

DNA protein that completes methylation of hemi-methylated DNA post replication

Question 37

Maintenance methylation

Answer 37

Process that ensures cells derived from methylated parent cells are methylated in same genes

Question 38

Gametes

Answer 38

Genomic imprinting occurs in what cells

Question 39

Promotors/housekeeping

Answer 39

Most “CpG islands” are located in ________ regions and ____________ genes

Question 40

T

Answer 40

(T/F) genome wide HYPOMETHYLATION is a property of all cancers examined to date

Question 41

Hyper

Answer 41

(Hyper/Hypo)methylation of genes involved in DNA repair, differentiation, apoptosis, etc. is found in many cancers

Question 42

Methyl

Answer 42

______ groups are necessary for methylation and come from our diet

Question 43

F (Deacetylated)

Answer 43

(T/F) Methylated histones are acetylated

Question 44

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 44

Refers to single gene interactions with drugs

Question 45

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 45

The influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients

Question 46

Cytochrome P450

Answer 46

Superfamily of proteins containing a heme cofactor. Proteins oxidize fat soluble products to make them water soluble

Question 47

Excess

Answer 47

Heteromorphic alleles express an excess of