Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Genetics and the reproductive system > Flashcards

Genetics and the reproductive system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is asexual?

A
  • one parent
  • its young are identical copies of itself
  • E.g. bacteria, plant runners and cuttings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is sexual?

A
  • two parents
  • each parents has sex organs: GAMETES
  • female gametes: eggs or ova
  • Male gametes: sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the human life cycle:

A
  • Adults produce gametes by meiosis

- Each gamete contains only one-half the number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the two types of chromosomes:

A
  • cells, containing 46 chromosomes, are called DIPLOID CELLS, and are abbreviated as “2n”
  • The gametes, containing 23 chromosomes, are called HAPLOID CELLS, and are abbreviated as “n”.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does fertilisation work?

A
  • A haploid ovum and a haploid sperm unite through fertilisation
  • A diploid zygote is produced
  • Down syndrome child has an extra chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does fertilisation describe?

A

This life cycle describes how diploid (2n) adults produce haploid (n) gametes, which then unite to form a new diploid (2n) zygote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Facts puberty/hormone/gamete male:

A

PUBERTY: voice deepens, body becomes more muscular, body and facial hair grows, the testes and penis grow larger, testes begin producing sperm.
HORMONE: testosterone
GAMETE: sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Facts puberty/hormone/ gamete female:

A

PUBERTY: breasts develop, hips grow and become rounder, body hair begins to grow, vagina and uterus becomes larger, menstrual periods start.
HORMONE: oestrogen
GEMETE: eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The cell division to form two cells with only 23 chromosomes in each sex cell.
This occurs only in sex organs to form gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the changes to a males body during puberty caused by?

A

Testosterone produced in the testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the male sec cell and where is it stored?

A

Sperm, produced in the testes and stored in the EPIDIDYMIS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the testes stored?

A

a sac of skin known as the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what glands produce the liquid part of sperm?

A
  • Prostate gland
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Cowpers glands.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is semen?

A

The sperm swimming in fluid produced by the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Make sperm and hormone testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the penis do?

A

Passes sperm from body into woman’s body during intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the vas deferens purpose?

A

Sperm go through was deferens from testis to the penis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What indicates the beginning of sexual maturity in females?

A

The ovaries start to produce mature ova. This is caused by the hormone OESTROGEN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ovaries?

A

Contain developing ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fallopian tubes?

A

Ovum moves down these tubes ti uterus/womb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Uterus?

A

a big bag in which a fertilised ovum develops into a baby.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cervix?

A

A ring of muscle that close the lower part of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vagina?

A

Tube that leads to uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vulva?

A

Outer opening of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two possibilities for the menstrual cycle?

A

NO FUSION of ovum with sperm. 14 days after ovulation, the lining of the uterus wall will be shed-MENSTRUATION.
FUSION of the ovum and sperm in the oviduct- FERTILISATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When is the fertile time?

A

Between day 9 and 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe chromosomes:

A

threadlike structures made of DNA and are found in the nucleus of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

A pair of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is in each chromosome?

A

A double-helix DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define gene:

A

A length of DNA containing a small part of genetic code. A chromosome contains more than 1000 genes.

32
Q

What do DNA bases do?

A

The order of the bases making up the DNA of a chromosome carry encoded messages that determine the characteristics of an organism.

33
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

PROPHASE > METAPHASE > ANAPHASE > TELOPHASE

34
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A

PARENT CELLS > DNA REPLICATES > TWO DAUGHTER CELLS > FOUR DAUGHTER CELLS.

35
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The chromosome of 23 pairs which exists after the fusion of egg and sperm.

36
Q

Define dominant?

A

Will occur over a recessive characteristic.

37
Q

What is an allele?

A

The different forms of the gene.

38
Q

Homozygous or homologous?

A

identical alleles

39
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Combination alleles

40
Q

Incomplete dominance?

A

Some genes do not have dominant and recessive alleles, this results in a “blending” of the two alleles.

41
Q

Co-dominance?

A

Some cases where both alleles in the heterozygous offspring are expressed in the phenotype.

42
Q

Explain sex linkage:

A

There are some genes which are only found on one chromosome, usually the X.

43
Q

What are chromosomes that are not sex ones called (just in your normal cells)?

A

Autosomes

44
Q

Explain chromosomal abnormalities:

A
  • Sometimes during meiosis, DNA information passed on to the next generation is changed.
  • If the DNA is not copied exactly, this type of change is called a MUTATION.
    e. g. Cystic Fibrosis, Muscular Dystrophy
45
Q

Explain inherited characteristics?

A

Eye colour, nose shape, hair type and skin colour are characteristics you can inherit from parents.

46
Q

What acquired characteristic?

A

know how to swim, speak french and cars from cars.

47
Q

What is natural selection?

A
  • Organisms are well adapted to their environment
  • They posess structural, functional and behavioral characteristics that made them able to survive and reproduce in that environment.
  • Offspring will show variation and sometimes mutations
  • Some mutations will improve the chances of survival
48
Q

What is evidence of evolution?

A

FOSSILS-evidence over 10 000 years old

49
Q

Divergent evolution?

A

organisms becoming LESS alike due to different habitats.

50
Q

Convergent evolution?

A

Organisms becoming MORE alike due to simliar environments

51
Q

Parallel evolution?

A

Species evolving similar features independently in different areas, e.g. crocodile and aligator

52
Q

Analogous structures?

A
  • Structures which serve the same function and often the same appearance but have different origins.
    e. g. the human and octopus eye are similar but they have developed independently.
53
Q

comparative anatomy?

A

The limbs of reptiles, bird, amphibians and mammals have similar structural features

54
Q

Comparative embryology?

A

Similar features in many related species.
e.g. Gill slits, tail, dorsal brain and spinal cord.
These develop before more specialised structures.

55
Q

Vestigal structures?

A

Reduced structures.

e.g. wings into Drosophila, appendix and coccygeal vertebrae of humans.

56
Q

Horse evolution?

A

Stages in horse evolution showing the reduction in the number of toes and foot bones.

57
Q

Intermediate forms?

A

Suggest a continuum at development.

e.g. dinosaurs, archaeopteryx.

58
Q

What was the land mass of all continents originally called?

A

Pangea

59
Q

What is biogreography?

A

study of fossils and living organisms reveal patterms which suggest relationships between species in Australia, South Africa, New Zealand ect.

60
Q

The theory of Evolution?

A

The process by which organisms best suited to their environment survive to pass their genes on to their offspring in increasing numbers, in contrast to the less well-adapted organisms in the population who produce fewer organisms or do not breed at all.

61
Q

Complete the stages of the human life cycle:

A

Adult male, diploid 2n=46 + Adult female, diploid 2n=46 go through meiosis. Ovum and Sperm (haploid, n=23) go through fertilisation and form a zygote (diploid, 2n=46). Mitosis now occurs and the zygote becomes the embryo, which after week 8 is called a foetus.

62
Q 
What do the following things mean in DNA:
D
P
A
T
G
C
A 
D=Deoxyribose sugar
P=Phosphate
A=Adenine
T=Thymine
G=Guanine
C=Cytosine
63
Q

Chromosome?

A

A densely coiled structure that holds the DNA ready for cell division.

64
Q

Gene?

A

A section of the genome that provides the code for a particular protein/characteristic

65
Q

Dominant?

A

A trait that masks the other trait of a pair, if present.

66
Q

Recessive?

A

A trait that is only visible of no dominant trait is present.

67
Q

Alleles?

A

An alternative form of a particular gene.

68
Q

Falopian tube?

A

Ovum moves down these tubes to uterus/womb.

69
Q

Ovary?

A

Contain developing ova

70
Q

Vagina?

A

Tube that leads to uterus

71
Q

Vulva?

A

Outer opening of vagina

72
Q

Bladder?

A

Stores urine

73
Q

Pubic bone?

A

Forms the front arch of the pelvis

74
Q

Erectile tissue?

A

Spongy tissue that expands and becomes hard when filled with blood.

75
Q

Fossil record?

A

fossils are any evidence of an organism from a former geological time. Fossil record is the history of life on Earth as recorded by these fossils.

76
Q

DNA Hybridization?

A

A technique for combining single DNA strands from twos specie, to compare their similarity.

77
Q

placenta?

A

Organ in the uterus which nourishes the foetus through the umbilical cord.

Science (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions