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SCIENCE > Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is in the male reproductive system

A
  • penis
  • vas deferens
  • urethra
  • scrotum
  • testicles
  • epididymis
  • prostate gland
  • seminal vesicle
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2
Q

what is in the female reproductive system

A
  • uterus
  • fallopian tube
  • ovaries
  • vagina
  • cervix
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2
Q

what are the fetus’s development stages

A
  1. zygote
  2. embryo
  3. fetus
  4. baby
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2
Q

what is a gamete

A

a female or male sex cell (sperm or egg) that can fertilise during sex to form a zygote.

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2
Q

what is fertilisation

A

the fusing of gametes ( sperm + egg)

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3
Q

what is a Zygote

A

a single cell formed by the fusion of 2 gametes

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4
Q

what is DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid) made up of 4 base pairs:
A= adedine
T= Thymine
G= Guanine
C= cytosine

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5
Q

what does DNA do

A

carries genetic information

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6
Q

what is a gene

A

a gene is a section of DNA what codes for a specific characterisation

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7
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a length of DNA which is made up of many genes.

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8
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 body cells
23 sex cells

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9
Q

what is a haploid cell

A

Haploid
- one set of chromosomes
- in humans = 23
- in humans gametes are haploid

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10
Q

what is a Diploid cell

A

Diploid
- two sets of chromosomes
- in humans = 46
- in humans, all body cells except gametes are diploid

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10
Q

what would happen if DNA was altered during cell division

A

this can lead to growth defects or could be fatal

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10
Q

why is it important that DNA makes exact copies of itself

A

this is important as original cell holds all DNA needed to make particular proteins, coding for different types of cells in body.

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11
Q

what is mutation

A

an accidental alteration in a genetic message, a mutation may be harmful or helpful, big or small.

12
Q

what is a chromosomal mutation

A

an error that effects an entire chromosome this can cause chromosomal disorders like down syndrom

13
Q

what is gene mutation

A

an error in a length of DNA which effects he expression of a gene.

14
Q

what are the causes of mutation

A
  • radiation: UV light or gamma rays
  • Accidental DNA damage during cell division
  • Chemicals: such as those found in smoke
15
Q

what is a punnet square

A

determines genotypes and phenotypes in two characters

16
Q

what is variation

A

the differences between indivuals.

17
Q

what causes variation

A

combination of genes we inherit and environment we live in

18
Q

environmental factors that affect our phenotype are:

A
  • diet
  • culture
  • geography
  • pollution
  • climate
19
Q

what is discrete variation

A

you are either one thing or another. controlled by one pair of genes

20
Q

what is continuous variation

A

characterisations that change gradually over a range of time. controlled by more than one pair of genes

21
Q

what is Meiosis

A

cell division responsible for producing sperm or egg cells
- reproduction
- 2 divisions
- 4 daughter cells
- genetically varied
- alleles swapped
- sex cells (swapped)

22
Q

what is Mitosis

A

cell division responsible for growth and repair
- 1 division
- 2 daughter cells
- genetically identical cells
- somatic (body) cells

23
Q

what is selective breeding

A

choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.

24
Q

disadvantages of selective breeding

A
  • offspring share genes= more chance of diseases
  • reduced gene pool= more vulnerable
  • loss of genetic variety
  • less chance of adoption to changed environment
25
Q

what is Fitness

A

a organism’s capacity to survive and reproduce in a changing environment

26
Q

what is natural selection

A

a species’ ability to adapt to a changing environment

27
Q

what is evolution

A

evolution is the change in characteristics of a species over several generations

28
Q

what is scientific theory

A

and explanation based on extensive and repeated experimentation.

SCIENCE (7 decks)

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