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Science! > Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the Epidydimis

A

A mass of tubes in which sperm are stored

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2
Q

Function of the Penis

A

Can be firm to insert into the vagina of the female during sexual intercourse, to transfer sperm.

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3
Q

Function of the Prostate Gland

A

Adds fluid and nutrients to sperm to form semen

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4
Q

Function of the Scrotum

A

Holds testes

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5
Q

Function of the sperm duct

A

Carries sperm from testes to urethra

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6
Q

Function of the Seminal Vesicle

A

Adds fluids and nutrients to sperm to form semen

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7
Q

Function of the Urethra

A

Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

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8
Q

Function of the Ovaries

A

Produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone

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9
Q

Function of the Fallopian Tube

A

Carries egg to uterus

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10
Q

Function of the Uterus

A

Receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum

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11
Q

Function of the Cervix

A

The opening to the uterus

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12
Q

Function of the Vagina

A

Female copulatory organ; excretory duct of uterus; part of birth canal

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13
Q

Function of the Oviduct

A

Carries an ovum to the uterus, also the site of fertilisation

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14
Q

Function of Urethra (Women)

A

Carries Urine from the bladder

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15
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

A mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism.

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16
Q

What is Fertilisation?

A

The action or process of fertilizing an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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17
Q

What is the process of fertilisation

A

The sperm nucleus fuses with the ovum nucleus to form a zygote. A zygote is a single cell formed by the result of the fusion of two gametes.

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18
Q

Describe the development from a zygote to an embryo and then a foetus and then a baby

A

A Zygote is a fertilised cell that continutes to multiply as it travels through the fallopian tube – an Zygote is not attached to the uterus. (1-4 weeks gestation)

An Embryo is attached to the uterus but does not yet resemble the shape of a baby (5-9 weeks gestation)

A fetus resembles a baby in the womb (10-42 weeks gestation)

We use the term “baby” to describe the fetus once it has been born.

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19
Q

What are Haploid and Diploid Cells (three points for each cell)

A

Haploid - One set of Chromosomes, In Humans, number (n) = 23. In Humans, gametes are haploid cells.

Diploid - Two sets of chromosomes, In Humans, 2n = 46. In Humans, all body cells (other than gametes) are diploid cells.

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20
Q

Brief Definition of DNA (two points)

A
  • DNA is found in the shape of a double helix. A double helix is a twisted staircase shape.
  • DNA is made up of four base pairs:
    G, C, T and A
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21
Q

What is the overall definition for DNA?

A

Located in the nucleus and made up of repeating base pairs, DNA is the instructions for all of our physical characteristics. DNA is the carrier of our genetic information

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22
Q

What are Genes?

A

A Gene is a section of DNA which codes for a specific characteristic. eg. Hair colour, height or eye colour

23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

A Chromosome is a length of DNA which is made up of many genes. Chromosomes are stored in the Nucleus of a cell. Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells

24
Q

State the location of DNA/Genes in a Cell

A

DNA/Genes/Chromosomes are found in the Nucleus of the cell

25
Q

What is a Mutation?

A

An accidental alteration in a genetic message. A mutation may be harmful or helpful, small or big.

26
Q

What is Chromosomal Mutation and Gene Mutation

A

Chromosomal: An error that affects an entire chromosome.
This can causes Chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome.

Gene: An error in a length of DNA which affects the expression of a gene.
This can cause genetic disorders such as sickle cell anaemia or cystic fibrosis

27
Q

Examples of Harmful Mutations

A

Skin cancer, debilitating diseases, and deformed limbs

28
Q

Examples of beneficial mutations

A

Elephants being born without tusks or Polar bears having hollow fur.

29
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

is the PHYSICAL characteristics of an individual. i.e –Brown hair, blue eyes etc

30
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

is the GENES responsible for the characteristics of an individual. i.e. hair colour or eye colour

31
Q

State that all cells (Except gametes)
have 2 genes/alleles for each characteristic

A

In our cells we have TWO sets of chromosomes. One set from our mum, the other from our dad. Each set of chromosomes have the same genes on them.

32
Q

When we refer to our genes are we referring to haploid or diploid cells?

A

When considering why we look and act the way that we do, we are looking at both sets of our chromosomes (one set from mum, one from dad) - DIPLOID

33
Q

What is a Allele?

A

A different form of a gene.
Eg. If the gene is hair colour – the alleles present would be Black, Brown, Blonde and Red

34
Q

What is a Dominant Gene/Allele

A

In genetics, an allele which shows its effect when there is only one allele of a pair.

35
Q

What is a Recessive Gene/Allele

A

In genetics, a gene that is not expressed if the dominant allele is also present.

36
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

Homo = “The same”
A genotype is Homozygous when it is made up of TWO of the SAME alleles.
HH for handedness would be Homozygous Dominant
or tt for hitchhiker thumb would be Homozygous Recessive

37
Q

What is Heterozygous?

A

Hetero = “different”
A genotype is Heterozygous when it is made up of TWO DIFFERENT alleles.
Hh for handedness would be Heterozygous Dominant
or Tt for hitchhiker thumb would be Heterozygous Dominant

38
Q

What is Variation?

A

Variation is the differences between individuals.

Variation is brought about due to an individuals genes that we inherit and the environment we live in.

39
Q

What are the environmental factors that affect our phenotypes?

A

diet, culture, geography, friends, pollution etc.

40
Q

What is Discrete Variation

A

Discrete variation refers to differences in traits that fall into distinct categories

41
Q

What is Continuous Variation

A

Continuous variation refers to traits that show a range of values

42
Q

Examples of Discrete Variation

A

Blood Type and Eye Colour

43
Q

Examples of Continuous Variation

A

Height or Skin Colour

44
Q

What is Cell Division

A

Cells must divide so we can replace old ones, repair damaged cells, grow bigger or reproduce.

45
Q

What is Mitosis Responsible For?

A
  • Growth and Repair
  • Mitosis produces Identical Diploid Cells so that they can carry out exactly the same function as the “parent cell”.
46
Q

What is Meiosis Responsible For?

A
  • Producing Sperm or Egg Cells (Reproduction)
  • Meiosis creates variation between cells, making each baby unique. This is why you and your siblings differ.
47
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

48
Q

What are 3 causes of mutations?

A

Radiation, errors during cell division & chemicals

49
Q

Where does Meiosis occur in flowers?

A

In the anther and ovary

50
Q

What is Selective Breeding?

A

Selective breeding aims to adapt an organism’s characteristics in a way that is desirable to the humans that breed them.

51
Q

What is Fitness?

A

In natural selection, fitness measures success. Fitness is the measure of how well organisms survive and reproduce.

52
Q

Discuss Darwin’s Idea of Evolution

A

Natural selection is a species ability to adapt to a changing environment.

53
Q

Why is Natural Selection Important?

A

If we were all the same we wouldn’t be able to cope with a changing environment. Some of us are better at coping with the heat, some prefer cold weather. Some are better at fighting off diseases.

54
Q
A

Science! (7 decks)

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