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MICROBIO > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

the study of inheritance

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2
Q

Inheritance

A

transmission of traits to offspring

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3
Q

Genotype

A

alleles an organism has for a specific gene, genetic makeup (blue/ brown)

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

appearance of a trait ( blue)

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5
Q

Genome

A

all of the genetic material of an organism

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA that contains genes

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7
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-> RNA-> protein

DNA sequences encodes RNA sequence, RNA sequence encodes amino acid sequence for proteins

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8
Q

Transcription

A

process of copying DNA information into RNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA by polymerase

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9
Q

Translation

A

Rna is used to make proteins.
RNA is translated to proteins, in ribosomes
DNA ( information storage-> mRNA
Information carrier -> protein

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10
Q

Hersey and Chase

A

found that genes are made of DNA not protein

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11
Q

Watson and Crick

A

discovered the model for DNA

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12
Q

Antiparallel

A

directional 5’ and 3’

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13
Q

Topoisomerase

A

opens and loses up a little

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14
Q

Helicase

A

double helix is unwound

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15
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds to 3’ end of new strand

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16
Q

Sequence of Leading Strand

A

3’5’

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17
Q

Sequence of Lagging Strand

A

5’3’

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18
Q

Bacteria

A

binary fission

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19
Q

In bacteria what is the sequence

A

bidirectional

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20
Q

DNA polymerase in bacteria

A

can proofread

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21
Q

mRNA

A

carries codes to make protein

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22
Q

rRNA

A

part of the ribosome

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23
Q

tRNA

A

used in protein synthesis

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24
Q

Steps of Transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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25
Q

Initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to specific regions of DNA to start transcription

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26
Q

Promoter

A

DNA help opens, ribonucleotides are added complementary to the DNA strand

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27
Q

Elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves down the DNA template (3’-5”) synthesizing the RNA (5’-3’)

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28
Q

Termination

A

RNA polymerase reaches a DNA sequence that serves as terminator sequence

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29
Q

Translation

A

RNA-> Protein ; turns the mRNA into a product

30
Q

Translation occurs

A

In ribosome

31
Q

Proteins are made into what ?

A

Amino Acids

32
Q

What is a codon ?

A

a set of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid

33
Q

What is tRNA

A

recognizes that codon and transports the corresponding amino acid

34
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 base sequence on tRNA complementary to codon

35
Q

What does A do?

A

tRNA enters with an AA attached “acceptor”

36
Q

What does P do?

A

holds growing peptide chains, “peptide”

37
Q

What does E do?

A

tRNA with no AA, about to leave “exit”

38
Q

What is the outcome of translation

A

polypeptide chain

39
Q

Where does translation occur ?

A

in between two ribosomal subunits

40
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- translation and transcription happen at the same time

41
Q

Genes that are alway expressed

A

constitutive

42
Q

Genes that are regulated- they can be expressed or not expressed

A

Transcriptional or Translational Control

43
Q

What is repression

A

inhibits gene expression

  • build up of end product
  • repressor- block RNA polymerase
  • a repressible gene is ‘’ on ‘’ unless repressor acts on it
44
Q

Induction

A

turns on a gene

  • inducer
  • an inducible gene is off until turned on
45
Q

Operon

A

set of genes that have a similar function that are controlled together.
bacteria regulate transcription

46
Q

What is a Lac operon

A

three genes for lactose metabolism, next to each other on chromosome, regulated together

47
Q

Promoter

A

where RNA polymerase initiates transcription

48
Q

Operator

A

acts as stop or go signal for transcription

49
Q

Operon genes

A

set of gene with similar function or goal that are controlled together

50
Q

What is an Inducible Operon

A

lac operon
absence of lactose- repressors binds to operator preventing transcription.
Lactose present- repressor binds to metabolite of lactose, instead of operator -> lactose genes transcribed

51
Q

Repressible Operon

A

transcribed until turned off
tryptophan synthesis genes- genes are expressed
When excess of tryptophan acts as a corepressor binding to the repressor

52
Q

What is mutation

A

permanent change in an organism’s DNA

53
Q

Spontaneous

A

mistake during replication

54
Q

Mutagens

A

chemicals/ radiation that causes mutations

55
Q

Missense mutation

A

point mutation changes amino acid sequence

-sickle cell disease

56
Q

Silent mutaiton

A

point mutation does not change AA sequence (3rd base)

57
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

base substitution results in a nonsense codon

58
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

nucleotides are deleted or added, changing the codons

59
Q

Mutations

A

beneficial: increase ability to survive
neutral: has no affect on fitness
Deleterious: lower fitness, lower survival

60
Q

Mutagens

A

chemical can alter nucleotides through
mismatch pairing
cause addition or deletion of nucleotides
radiation: DNA damage

61
Q

Positive selection

A

detects mutants by rejecting non-mutants

grow bacteria on plate with penicillin, only mutated resistant bacteria will grow

62
Q

Negative selection

A

selects cells that cannot perform a function

63
Q

Ames test

A

tests a chemical/potential mutagen to determine if it causes mutations

64
Q

Genetic recombination

A

exchange a gene between two DNA molecules; gives new gene combinations

65
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

from organism to its offspring

66
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

between organism of the same generation

67
Q

Transformation

A

genes are transferred as ‘‘naked’’ DNA
bacteria release DNA into environment, other bacteria can pick it up and insert into chromosome
occurs naturally in few bacteria

68
Q

Able to pick up the DNA

A

Competent cells

69
Q

Conjugation

A

transfer of a plasmid through plus

requires cell-cell contact

70
Q

Transduction

A

DNA is transferred inside a virus

71
Q

Bacteriophage

A

virus that carries DNA and infects bacteria

72
Q

Plasmids

A

self-replicating, circular DNA
small; 1-5% size of the chromosome
normally not needed for cell survival
toxin production, resistance factors

MICROBIO (6 decks)

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