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Neuroscience > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is mendellian genetics

A
  • work on pea plants help to understand dominant and recesssive genes
herminian gridd 
Gy - G
GG- G
yy- y 
Gy- G
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2
Q

What is a phenotype

A

trait

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3
Q

what is a genotype

A

gene

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4
Q

what is an allele

A

forms of a gene which affect the same trait

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5
Q

what is heterozygous

A

Gy

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6
Q

what is homozygous

A

GG yy

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7
Q

if a recessive gene is am autosomal chromosome it is ???

A

equally on males and females.

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8
Q

IF a recessive gene is on an X chromosome it will be

A

more often in males

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9
Q

What is Mitosis

A

cell division (before it divides it makes a complete copy)

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10
Q

what is meiosis

A

reproductive cell division
produces male and female gametes (have half the number of normal chromosome (23 pairs) so that when they join they have a full set.

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11
Q

What is rNA

A

RNA is formed in the nucleus of a cell it rewrites a sequence of DNA via transcriptions

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12
Q

What is mRNA

A

messenger RNA carries the code for building a protein to the ribosome

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13
Q

what is tRNA

A

transfer RNA picks up amino acids and brings them to the ribosome to make a specific protein.

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14
Q

what disorder is characterised by having 3 chromosome 21

A

down syndrome

150% proteins and overproduction of gene for APP amyloid precursos protein which results in early onset alzheimers

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15
Q

what is PKU

A

autosomal recessive gene (equally in males and females)
recessive (so can be a carrier)
inability to metabolise phenylaline (amino acid)
if not treated -> brain damage.

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16
Q

What is heritability (behavioural genetics)

A

It is an estimate of how much variance in some characteristics within a population is due to heredity.
varies between 0 and 1

17
Q

behaviour genetics?

A

heretability is calculated comparing identical and non identical twins.
The heritability is twice the difference between the coorrelations for identical minus non identical twins

18
Q

monozygotic share ?

dizygotic share?

A 
MZ= 100%
DZ= 50%
19
Q

is heritability specific to the population

A

YES

20
Q

does heritability look at differences between people or within

A

between

21
Q

does high heritability mean the environment doesnt affect

A

NO

22
Q

can heritability change over time

A

yes

23
Q

If a Group of individuals share a highly similar environment, what effect does this have on the heritability estimate of a characteristic?

A

the estimate will be high

24
Q

What is the flynn effect?

A

if genetic or prenatal influences produce a small increase in some activity the environment will magnify the effect

25
Q

what is the Weinberger approach

A

suggests that genes lead to neuroohysiology straight to cognition.

26
Q

What are the concordance rates for depression

A

MZ=60%

DZ= 15%

27
Q

What are the two genes for depression

A
  1. the gene for trypotophan hydroxylas

2. gene for the serotonin transporter

28
Q

how does the gene for tryptophan hydroxylase increase liklihood of depression>

A

in vitro cells with this gene make 80% less serotonin .

29
Q

What did Zhang et al find (5HT)

A

out of 87 depressed people 9 people had the mutant gene
out of 219 control 3 had mutant gene (but had family history of mental health)
but not all of the depressed people have the gene .

30
Q

how does the gene for the serotonin transporter affect depression

A

the gene has two forms the long L and short s form.
the short form is implicated in depression.
found that there was an increased response in the amygdala of those with the short vversion of the gene.
suggesting the brain of those with the short version over- respond to negative emotions.

31
Q

What did brown find? (diathesis stress)

A

depressed patients: 84% stress in previous year

control: 32% in previous year.

32
Q

what did caspi et al find?

serotonin transporter gene

A

No difference between the number of stressful events and genetic group but the interaction between the two was highly significant.
- diathesis stress model

Neuroscience (17 decks)

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