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Genetics 4 Flashcards

1
Q

More than one pattern of dominance may exist between different alleles of a gene

A

Codominance

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2
Q

One trait can be affected by more than one gene

A

Epistasis

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3
Q

A mutant gene can affect a number of unrelated traits

A

Pliotropy

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4
Q

Inherited as recessive alleles and only the homozygotes die

A

lethal mutations

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5
Q

genes located on the same chromosome

A

syntenic genes

linked genes

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6
Q

syntenic genes that don’t reshuffle through crossover

A

non-recombinant chromosomes

parental chromosomes

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7
Q

syntenic genes that reshuffle via crossover

A

recombinant chromosomes

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8
Q

crossover occurs between genes

A

incomplete linkage

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9
Q

no crossover occurs by genes that are close to each other

A

complete linkage

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10
Q

wild-type alleles are found on the same chromosome and the mutant alleles are found on the other chromosome

A

coupling

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11
Q

each chromosome contains one wild-type allele and one mutant allele

A

repulsion

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12
Q

Recombination frequency

A

r = number recombinant progeny / total progeny * 100%

=1 cM/ 1 mU

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13
Q

Chromosome maps calculated by using recombination

A

genetic maps

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14
Q

The degree to which one crossover stops additional crossovers in the same region

A

interference

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15
Q

Coefficient of coincidence

A

ratio of observed double-crossovers to expected double-crossovers

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16
Q

interference equation

A

1 - coefficient of coincidence

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17
Q

the RNA pol holoenzyme makes a loose attachment to the promoter sequence to form

A

closed promoter complex

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18
Q

The RNA pol holoenzyme unwinds about 18 bp of DNA around the -10 position to form

A

open promoter complex

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19
Q

binding site for transcription factors and RNA pol.

A

promoter

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20
Q

position at which RNA pol begins transcription

A

transcription start site

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21
Q

region between the start site and the start codon

A

5’ UTR

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22
Q

coding regions of the gene

A

exon

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23
Q

non-coding regions of the RNA

A

intron

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24
Q

region between the stop codon of the last exon and the transcription termination site

A

3’ UTR

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25
sequence binds polyadenylate pol to add the poly-A tail to mRNA
Poly-A site
26
sequence that signals cleavage of the RNA strand and releases RNA pol
transcription terminator
27
distant site that binds transcription factors & enhance RNA pol activity
enhancer
28
transcribes three rRNA genes
RNA pol I
29
transcribes protein coding genes (mRNA) & small nuclear RNA
RNA pol II
30
transcribes transfer RNAs (tRNA), one small nuclear RNA, and one rRNA (5S)
RNA pol III
31
main eukaryotic promoter consensus sequence
TATA box
32
box near -80
CAAT box
33
box = or > -90
GC rich box
34
proteins that help RNA pol II recognize and bind to promoter sequences
transcription factor
35
After the 20 to 30 nucleotides of mRNA have been synthesized a guanine is added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA
5' mRNA cap
36
the processing of identical transcripts in different cells can lead to mature mRNAs with different combinations of exons and thus different polypeptides
alternative intron splicing
37
AAUAAA sequence that is downstream of the codon
polyadenylation signal sequence
38
types of chromatin remodeling
DNA methylation histone methylation histone acetylation histone deacetylation
39
DNA methylation
decreases transcription | done by DNA methyltransferase
40
histone methylation
``` varying effects on transcription histone methyltransferase (HMT) ```
41
histone acetylation
increases transcription | done by histone acetyltransferase (HAT)
42
histone deacetylation
decreases transcription | done by histone deacetylase (HDAC)
43
heritable from one generation of cells to the next, so that daughter cells have the same patterns of gene expression as the parent cells
Epigenetic patterns
44
involves the expression of only one of the inherited alleles of a gene, depending on the parent from which it is inherited
genomic imprinting
45
start codon
AUG
46
stop codon
UAA UAG UGA
47
different tRNAs that accept the same aa
isoaccepting tRNAs
48
different codons can pair with the same anticodon
wobble hypothesis
49
RNA that transmits genetic code
mRNA
50
RNA that relates codon to aa
tRNA
51
RNA that forms ribosome structure
rRNA
52
side of tRNA that has a single stranded tail that binds an aa
acceptor arm
53
side of tRNA that interacts with mRNA
anticodon arm
54
side of tRNA with modified base in conserved triplet
TΨC arm
55
side of tRNA with lone modified base
D arm
56
region of ribosome that binds a new charged tRNA molecule
A-site | aminoacyl site
57
region of ribosome that holds the tRNA that the polypeptide is attached to
P-site | peptidyl site
58
region of ribosome that allows uncharged tRNA to exit the ribosome after donating its aa to the growing polypeptide
E-site | exit site
59
enzymes responsible for adding aa to tRNA
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
60
proteins that help control ribosome formation and binding of the first tRNA
initiation factors (IFs)
61
IF that stops the large ribosomal subunit from prematurely bindig
IF-1
62
IF that brings in first tRNA
IF-2
63
IF that stops random tRNA binding before the large ribosomal subunit is added
IF-3
64
purine-rich sequence 9 nucleotides upstream of the start codon in prokaryotes
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
65
16S ribosome subunit bound to Shine-Dalgarno sequence
pre-initiation complex
66
first amino acid added to polypeptide
formylmethionine
67
the consensus sequence ACCAUGG that allows proteins to find the start codon in eukaryotes
Kozak sequence
68
an initiation sequence that is composed of a complex secondary ribosome structure
internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
69
proteins that use GTP to extend the polypeptide
elongation factors (EFs)
70
jobs of EFs
recruits charged tRNAs to A-site forms polypeptide bonds between sequential aa translocates ribosome in 3' direction of mRNA
71
EF-Tu
GTP containing EF that brings tRNA to A site | when it reaches A site, GTP is cleaved and it EF dissociates
72
EF that reactivates EF-Tu
EF-Ts
73
EF that catalyzes translocation by hydrolyzing GTP
EF-G
74
proteins that cause polypeptide chain to dissociate from ribosome
release factors (RF)
75
RF that binds to stop codon
RF1
76
RF that hydrolyzes GTP and causes polypeptide and ribosomal subunits to leave
RF3
77
protein in eukaryotes that does function of RF3
ribosome recycling factor (RRF)

Biology (9 decks)

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