Cellular 4

Question 1

What is an intermediate filament’s structure?

Answer 1

fibrous proteins that have alpha helices laid end to end that twist into a dimer

Question 2

The types of junctions found between adjacent cells in plants

Answer 2

the plasmodesmata tunnels between plant cells in the middle lamella

Question 3

The types of junctions found between adjacent cells in animals

Answer 3

there are gap junctions, tight junctions, and anchoring junctions

Question 4

gap junctions

Answer 4

channels between animal cells that allow cells to share chemicals

Question 5

tight junctions

Answer 5

link tightly bound, leak proof cells

Question 6

anchoring junctions

Answer 6

link cells in a stretchable structure with intermediate filaments

Question 7

nature and purpose of extracellular matrix

Answer 7

it is a sticky layer of sugar and proteins that helps glue cells together and and provides protection

Question 8

relationship between metabolism, chemical reactions, and enzymes

Answer 8

metabolism is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions and is driven by enzymes

Question 9

potential energy

Answer 9

energy possessed by matter because of its location or structure that could potentially convert into kinetic energy

Question 10

chemical energy

Answer 10

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 11

kinetic energy

Answer 11

energy of motion

Question 12

spontaneous reaction

Answer 12

no energy input is required (products have lower energy)

Question 13

non-spontanious reaction

Answer 13

no reaction will occur if energy isn’t added (products have higher energy)

Question 14

what is free energy?

Answer 14

the portion of a system’s energy that can do work

Question 15

delta G

Answer 15

G final-G initial

Question 16

Cellular Respiration Equation

Answer 16

C6H12O6+O2→6CO2+6H2O

Question 17

Energy released from cellular respiration

Answer 17

686 kcal

Question 18

what is coupling

Answer 18

the exergonic reaction provides energy for the endergonic one

Question 19

types of work

Answer 19

mechanical, transport, and chemical

Question 20

mechanical

Answer 20

uses ATP to move cilia, flagella, and muscles

Question 21

transport

Answer 21

uses ATP to move substances across their gradient

Question 22

chemical

Answer 22

uses ATP to force chemicals together into more complex molecules

Question 23

relationship between enzyme and substrate

Answer 23

the substrate is the reactant that binds to the enzyme

Question 24

4 ways enzymes increase the rate of reactions

Answer 24

Binding 2 reactants & amp; forcing them together
Twisting the molc or breaking bonds
Providing a microenvironment
Transient covalent attachment

Question 25

factors that affect enzymes

Answer 25

pH, temperature, and cofactors

Question 26

cofactor

Answer 26

a stimulating factor for enzymes

Question 27

coenzyme

Answer 27

organic cofactor

Question 28

ways of inhibiting enzymes

Answer 28

competitive and non-competitive

Question 29

feedback inhibition

Answer 29

when the product of a pathway acts as an inhibitor for the beginning

Question 30

catalyst

Answer 30

drives a chemical reaction, lowering Ea

Question 31

Redox reaction

Answer 31

transfer electrons from one reactant to another

Question 32

oxidized

Answer 32

loses an electron (+1 charge)

Question 33

reduced

Answer 33

gains an electron (-1 charge)

Question 34

partial redox

Answer 34

when molc go from non polar to polar bonds

Question 35

NAD+

Answer 35

electron shuttle

Question 36

what bonds are broken in respiration

Answer 36

C-C | C-H

Question 37

how many e- can an enzyme remove at a time?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

Where is the ETC located?

Answer 38

mitochondria

Question 39

What are the 3 phases of respiration?

Answer 39

glycolysis citric acid cycle ETC

Question 40

net gain of glycolysis

Answer 40

2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate

Question 41

bonds broken in glycolysis

Answer 41

C-H (2)

Question 42

bonds broken in citric acid cycle

Answer 42

C-C (6) | C-H (4)

Question 43

When is an electron added to FADH?

Answer 43

when the 1st C-H bond is broken

Question 44

How is ATP produced?

Answer 44

the electrons move down the proton | gradient and energy (ATP) is released

Question 45

What are the ETC complexes?

Answer 45

proton pumps

Question 46

2 types of fermentation

Answer 46

lactate & alcohol

Question 47

difference/similarity between the 2 types of fermentation

Answer 47

alcohol removes CO2 from pyruvate (lactate doesn't) alcohol forms ethanol, lactate forms lactate both attach H to NADH

Question 48

inhibitors of respiration

Answer 48

ATP & Citrate

Question 49

What is the stroma?

Answer 49

the chloroplast "cytoplasm"

Question 50

What are thylakoids?

Answer 50

membrane-bound, disk shaped | structures in the chloroplast

Question 51

What is the interior of the thylakoid called?

Answer 51

thylakoid space

Question 52

Equation for photosynthesis

Answer 52

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2

Question 53

the 2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 53

light reactions & the Calvin cycle

Question 54

properties of light reactions

Answer 54

opposite of ETC light energy produces e- (passed to NADPH) Occurs in thylakoid

Question 55

properties of Calvin cycle

Answer 55

opposite of CA cycle electrons are removed from NADPH (attached as H to CO2) produces GAP occurs in stroma

Question 56

What is a photosystem?

Answer 56

membrane bound complex of proteins and pigments

Question 57

What is the reaction center?

Answer 57

2 chlorophyll a molc that light energy is transferred to

Question 58

path of electrons in photosynthesis

Answer 58

PS II ETC PS I NADPH

Question 59

Where do the electrons bind before excited?

Answer 59

Mg

Question 60

Components of ETC in plants

Answer 60

plastoquinone and plastocyanin

Question 61

Where does ETC send e- in plants?

Answer 61

thylakoid

Question 62

What does ATP synthase do?

Answer 62

transports H+ against its gradient

Question 63

What is ferrodoxin (fd)?

Answer 63

the carrier from PS I to the second ETC | iron containing protein

Question 64

What does NADP+ reductase do?

Answer 64

transfers 2 e- from ETC to NADP+

Question 65

Cyclic electron flow

Answer 65

only involves photosystem II | occurs when [ATP] is low

Question 66

carbon fixation

Answer 66

when CO2 is attached to RuBP

Question 67

RuBP

Answer 67

Ribulose Bisphosphate | double phosphorylated 5 C compound

Question 68

What catalyzes carbon fixation?

Answer 68

RuBP catalyse (chain) OR RUBISCO (enzyme)

Question 69

What's the most abundant protein in the world?

Answer 69

RUBISCO