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Cellular 5 Flashcards

1
Q

A-site

A

Aminoacyl-site

accepts incoming aminoacyl (charged) tRNA

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2
Q

P-site

A

Peptidyl site

holds the tRNA that is currently bound to the growing polypeptide

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3
Q

peptidyl RNA

A

a growing polypeptide coming from a ribosome

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4
Q

E-site

A

Exit site

where deacylated-RNA exits the ribosome

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5
Q

methionine

A

the amino acid that starts all peptides

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6
Q

adaptor proteins

A

binds initiator procaspases together, forcing them to cleave each other

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7
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

binds nucleotides in DNA

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8
Q

number of bonds between Adenine and Thiamine

A

2 H bonds

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9
Q

number of bonds between Guanine and Cytosine

A

3 H bonds

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10
Q

antiparallel orientation

A

one DNA strand runs from 5’-3’ and the other strand will run from 3’ to 5’

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11
Q

histone

A

the protein that DNA wraps around in eukaryotes

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12
Q

nucleosome

A

structure formed by DNA wrapped around 8 histones

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13
Q

H1

A

protein that is the “linker” histone

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14
Q

process of DNA replication

A

Parental molc is double stranded
H-bonds are broken between bases & strands separate
Each parent strand acts as a template
Two new double stranded molc are formed
H-bonding & base-pairing rules ensure this
The correct complementary nucleotides are added

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15
Q

semiconservative model

A

each parent strand acts as a template to make daughter strands (making 2 daughter helices)

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16
Q

origin of replication

A

point on a chromosome where

where DNA synthesis is initiated

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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that carries out DNA replication

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18
Q

properties of prokaryotic DNA

A

single circular chromosome
one origin
copied bidirectionally-2 replication forks

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19
Q

replicon

A

the stretch of DNA replicated

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20
Q

what DNA polymerase adds to DNA strand

A

deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTP)

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21
Q

direction of synthesis

A

5’-3’

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22
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

synthesizes the DNA strands

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23
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds DNA

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24
Q

single stranded binding proteins

A

SSBs

bind the DNA and keep it from becoming double stranded again

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25
DNA topoisomerase
untangles knots in the helix
26
free 3'-OH
at the end of an existing strand-substrate
27
DNA primase
synthesizes an RNA primer
28
RNA primer
short stretch of nucleotides where strand synthesis proceeds from
29
exonuclease activity
removes RNA primers
30
DNA polymerase I
replaces the RNA primer with DNA on the 3' end
31
lagging strand
DNA synthesis on a 3'-5' strand
32
DNA ligase
links DNA strands together
33
Okizaki fragments
fragments between RNA primers on the lagging strand
34
telomerase
enzyme that rebuilds telomeres after they have been shortened (only in mammal reproductive cells)
35
functional polypeptide
what turns DNA into RNA after transcription | performs a functional/enzymatic/regulatory function
36
Why RNA is used
protect the DNA amplification more control over gene expression
37
why are codons in triplets?
20 amino acids in all | 4^2=16 combinations (not enough)
38
reading frame
three possible reading frames for each stretch of RNA | determined by the position of AUG
39
frameshift mutation
insertion of 1 or 2 nucleotides changes all the amino acids
40
non-functional proteins
when frameshift happens, proteins don't work
41
template
DNA is used as a base for transcription
42
template strand
the one strand of the DNA double helix is used for transcription
43
coding strand
the non-template strand | identical to the RNA (except T & U)
44
promoter
a stretch of DNA that precedes the gene where transcription starts
45
TATA box
consists of A:T pairs | promoter
46
3 stages of transcription
Initiation, Elongation, & Termination
47
Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
48
Elongation
RNA polymerase copies the mRNA along the template
49
Termination
when terminator sequence is reached and mRNA is released
50
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase
has inherent helicase activity
51
how long the RNA strand is paired with the DNA
9 nucleotides
52
RNA:DNA heteroduplex
area where RNA and DNA are paired
53
transcription bubble
separated DNA strand
54
transcription factors
additional proteins that help bind the DNA polymerase in eukaryotes
55
functions of transcription factors
unwind the DNA (polymerase doesn't have inherent helicase activity) dissociate template DNA from his tones RNA polymerase must be phosphorylated to start transcription (kinase)
56
initiation complex
complete set of transcription factors and RNA polymerase
57
pre-mRNA
the transcript before modification | can't pass through nuclear pore until modified
58
untranslated regions
UTRs | region before start codon and after stop codon
59
exons
parts of the pre-mRNA sequence that exit the nucleus
60
introns
intervening sequences that separate exons | removed before the mRNA exits the nucleus
61
splicing
process by which introns are removed
62
RNPs
ribonucleoproteins | complexes of RNA and protein molecules that mediate introns
63
snRNP
small nuclear RNP complexes of RNP only found in the nucleus link 3' end of exon to 5' end of next exon
64
how introns avoid binding back to exons
5' end of intron is bound to the middle of the intron
65
3 types of RNA
mRNA (transmits genetic code) tRNA (relates nucleotide codon to amino acid) rRNA (forms ribosomes structure)
66
smallest RNAs
tRNA
67
tRNA structure
folds into 4 stems, 3 of which are stem-loops
68
tRNA anticodon
on middle loop | complementary to a specific 3-nt codon of an mRNA
69
start codon
AUG
70
carboxyl group
binds the amino acid to either the 3' or 2' OH on the 3' adenine (for charging the tRNA)
71
charged tRNA
aminoacyl-tRNA
72
non charged tRNA
deacylated tRNA
73
enzyme that catalyzes amino acid-tRNA bond
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
74
2 reactions that sythetase catalyzes
Bonds ATP to amino acid | Transfers bond from ATP to tRNA
75
Ribosomal structure
subunits (large ribonucleoprotein particles | contains many small r-proteins & 1+ large rRNA molc
76
How ribosomal subunits are measured
``` Svedberg (S) values measure density (not weight) ```
77
bacterial subunit values
50 S subunit and 30 S subunit combine to make 70 S Ribosome
78
animal subunit values
60 S subunit and 40 S subunit make 80 S ribosome
79
What binds subunits together?
GTP
80
initiator tRNA
binds to the start codon on the mRNA and associates with the snRNPs binds to the P-site without 1st entering the A-site
81
aspects of translation elongation
``` codon recognition (new tRNA binds to A-site) peptide bond formation (polypeptide chain goes from P-site tRNA to A-site) translocation (ribosome moves one codon) ```
82
release factor protein
the stop codon of the mRNA binds this
83
translation termination
a release factor cleaves the polypeptide and releases it | the ribosome and mRNA then dissociate
84
How many ribosomes in eukaryotes/prokaryotes?
eukaryotes: dozens prokaryotes: 8 at most
85
prokaryotic translation
no separation between transcription & translation
86
apoptosis
programmed cell death; coordinated destruction of the cell to serve the higher needs of a multicellular organism
87
roles of apoptosis
tissue sculpting, metamorphosis, homeostasis, dysfunctional cell removal, immune response, life cycle response
88
tissue sculpting
in embryos, appendages are produced as undifferentiated lumps, then cell death makes spaces between digits
89
metamorphosis
tadpoles lose their tails because their cells undergo programmed cell death
90
homeostasis
adult organisms need to maintain a balanced cell # or else tissues would grow or shrink
91
dysfunctional cell removal
cancerous cells or cells that are otherwise not functioning properly or have lost their function
92
immune response
cells that have been co-opted by viruses are signaled to destroy themselves to help prevent the viral spread
93
life cycle response
ripening and senescence of plant tissues to survive winter

Biology (9 decks)

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