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MCAT BIO > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

members that reproduce sexually with each other

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2
Q

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

A

skips generations

males affected = # females affected

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3
Q

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

A

does not skip generations

males affected # females affected

trait passed to half or all the offspring

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4
Q

Mitochondrial Inheritance

A

maternal inheritance mother affected => all children affected

father affected => none affected

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5
Q

Y-linked Inheritance

A

affects males only

father affected => all sons affected

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6
Q

X-linked Recessive Inheritance

A

skips generations

males affected > # females affected

affected mother => all sons affected; affected/unaffected daughters

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7
Q

X-linked Dominant Inheritance

A

does not skip generations

males affected > # females affected

affected father => all daughters affected

affected mother => unaffected/affected daughters/son

=> pass trait equally

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8
Q

Gene Pool

A

sum total of all the genetic info in population

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9
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

A
  1. no mutations
  2. no migration
  3. no natural selection
  4. random mating
  5. large population

*frequency of allele/genotype remain constant

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10
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

A

p + q = 1

p,q - allele frequency (G, g)

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p2, q2 - population gene frequency (GG, Gg, gg)

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11
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

reached after one generation

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12
Q

Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin interaction between organisms and their environment that causes differential reproduction, phenotype, gene pool

*Can only act on phenotype, heritable traits (not genotype) *Can’t act on one allele to change allele frequency b/c no variability

*Cannot create new alleles; Can only alter frequency of existing alleles

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13
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A
  1. heritable differences between individuals in a pop
  2. heritable traits (alleles) produce traits (phenotypes) that affect ability to survive and reproduce
  3. some phenotypes don’t allow for survival/reproduction
  4. phenotypes that allow more reproduction will pass on their alleles more frequently
  5. those alleles in 4 become more abundant
  6. changes in allele frequency = basis of evolution
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14
Q

Fitness

A

how successful an individual is in passing on its alleles to future generations

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15
Q

Recombination

A

create new combination of alleles

not alter allele frequencies or create new alleles

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16
Q

Mutation

A

create new alleles

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17
Q

Non-random mating

A

alter allele frequencies

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18
Q

Random Drift

A

alter allele frequencies

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19
Q

Directional Selection

A

most individuals clustered around the average

natural selection removes those at one extreme, population average will move in the other direction over time

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20
Q

Artificial Selection

A

humans use artificial selection to produce desired traits through controlling mating

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21
Q

Divergent Selection

A

natural selection removes members near the average

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22
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

extremes of the trait are selected against, driving population closer to the average

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23
Q

Sexual Selection

A

do not choose mates radomly

evolved elaborate rituals and physical displays in order to attract and choose a mate

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24
Q

Kin Selection

A

natural selection does not always act on individuals

social animals share alleles with other individuals and sacrifice themselves for the sake of the alleles they share

ex. lioness sacrifices herself to save her sister’s children

25
Q

Pre-zygotic

A
  1. Ecological - different habitats
  2. Temporal - different times
  3. Behavioral - different courtships
  4. Mechanical - incompatible reproductive structures
  5. Gametic - different sperm-egg recognition system
26
Q

Post-zygotic

A

Hybrid Inviability - offspring don’t develop normally; normally die in embryonic stage

Hybrid Sterility - hybrid individual is incapable of breeding

27
Q

Speciation

A

Creation of new species

28
Q

Allopatric Isolation

A

geographical isolation

29
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

species gives rise to a new species in the same geographical area

such as through divergent selection

30
Q

Cladogenesis

A

species diversifies and becomes two or more species

ex. allopatric isolation

31
Q

Anagenesis

A

biological species simply become another such that it is unable to sexually reproduce with ancestors

ex. sympatric speciation

32
Q

Homologous Structures

A

physical features shared by two different species as a result of common ancestor

33
Q

Analogous Structures

A

serve same function in two different species, but not due to common ancestor

34
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

two different species possess many analogous structures due to similar selective pressures

35
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

divergent selection causes branching speciation (cladogenesis)

36
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

situation in which two species go through similar evoluntionary changes due to similar selective pressures

37
Q

Father of Taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

38
Q

Categories

“Dumb King Philip Came Over From Germany Sunday”

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
39
Q

Dorsal

Ventral

Superior (Cephalad)

Inferior (Caudad)

A

On top (back)

on bottom (stomach)

towards head

towards feet

40
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

showed that cell extracts can transform bacteria

R strain - not virulent

S strain - virulent => non-virulent when heat-killed

heat-killed S strain + R strain => virulent

41
Q

Oswald Avery

Colin MacLeod

Maclyn McCarty

A

DNA was able to transform bacteria

42
Q

Hershey-Chase Experiment

A

confirmed DNA was being transferred => hereditary material

used radioactively labeled P32 (DNA) and S35 (protein)

43
Q

Chargaff

A

total amount of DNA in a given cell (and species) is constant

44
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

DNA replication is semiconservative

45
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

two alleles are separated and passed on singly

46
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

alleles of one gene will separate into gametes independently of alleles for another gene

47
Q

Homozygote w/same homozygote

ex. GG x GG

A

F1 genotype: 100% homozygous

F1 phenotype: 100% parents’ phenotype

48
Q

Homozygous dominant w/homozygous recessive

ex. GG x gg

A

F1 genotpe: 100% heterozygous

F1 phenotype: 100% dominant

49
Q

Heterozygote w/homozygote

ex. Gg x gg or Gg x GG

A

F1 genotype: 50% heterozygote, 50% homozygote

F1 phenotype: 50% dominant, 50% homozygous (parent)

50
Q

Heterogyote w/Heterozygote

ex. Gg x Gg

A

F1 genotype: 25% homozygous dominant

50% heterozygous

25% homozygous recessive

F1 phenotype: 75% dominant

25% recessive

51
Q

Rule of Multiplication

Rule of Addition

A

Probability of Event A and B = prob A x prob B

Probability of Event A or B = prob A + prob B

52
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

blended mix

red + white => pink

53
Q

Codominance

A

both expressed

A + B => AB

(blood types)

54
Q

Pleiotropism

A

gene expression alters many different, seemingly unrelatedaspects of an organisms’ body

ex. mutation in a gene may cause altered development of heart, bone, and inner ears

55
Q

Polygenism

A

complex traits influenced by many different genes

ex. height, weight

56
Q

Penetrance

A

likelihood that a given genotype will express the expected phenotype

57
Q

Epistasis

A

expression of alleles for one gene is dependent on a different gene

58
Q

Linkage

A

failure to display independent assortment

ex. 9:3:3:1 not seen

59
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

RF = number of recombinants / total number of offspring

MCAT BIO (11 decks)

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