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MCAT BIO > Circulatory/lymphatic/ immune System > Flashcards

Circulatory/lymphatic/ immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood through a tissue

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2
Q

Ischemia

A

inadequate blood flow => resulting in tissue damage

worse than hypoxia

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3
Q

Hypoxia

A

adequate blood flow but reduced oxygen supply

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4
Q

Blood flow in heart

A

vena cava -> right atrium -> triscuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> bicuspid (mitral) valve) -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta

Aorta -> artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venule -> vein -> vena cava

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

smooth muscle

hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure => water leaves the blood

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6
Q

Venules

A

lack muscular wall

osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure => water enters system

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7
Q

Capillaries

A

thin wall

exchange of material between blood and tissue

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8
Q

Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction caused by secretion of ___

A

substances like nitric oxide and endothelin => regulate vessel diameter

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9
Q

Angiogenesis inhibitor

A

restrict blood flow to tumors

help reduce/halt their growth

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10
Q

Thrombosis

A

blood clotting

inhibit coagulation cascade => preventing formation of life-threatening clots in undamaged/unbroken vessels

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11
Q

Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

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12
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

blood from intestine (capillaries) -> veins -> liver capillaries

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13
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

A

blood from hypothalamus capillaries -> veins -> pituitary capillaries

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14
Q

Atrium

A

“waiting rooms”
0 mm Hg
right/left atrium
thinner muscular walls

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15
Q

Coronary sinus

A 
Heart muscular organ requires blood supply
coronary veins (w/deoxygenated blood) merges with coronary sinus 
--> blood emptied directly into right atrium
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16
Q

Coronary arteries

A

carries oxygenated blood into the heart wall

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17
Q

Coronary veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of the heart wall

merges with coronary sinus

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18
Q

Diastole

A

ventricles are relaxed

atria contract

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19
Q

Systole

A

ventricles contract
beginning of “lub” and ending at “dub”
shorter than diastole

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20
Q

Ejection fraction

A

fraction of blood normally ejected from the ventricle

2/3

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21
Q

“Lub”

A 
Atrioventricular Valves (AV) close 
at the beginning of systole
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22
Q

“Dub”

A

semilunar valves close

at the end of systole

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23
Q

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

A

valves between the atriums and the ventricles

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24
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

CO = SV x HR

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25
Q

____ amount of blood must pass through both sides of the heart to prevent back flow

A

same

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26
Q

Frank Starling mechanism

A

more blood in = more blood out

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27
Q

2 ways to increase venous return:

A
  1. increase total blood volume in the circulatory system

2. contraction of large veins can propel blood toward the heart

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28
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

communicate via gap junctions - found in intercalated disks
use electric synapse only
membrane depolarization last longer (plateau due to Ca++ influx)
rmp = -90 mV

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29
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A 
pacemaker of the heart
in right atrium  
vagus nerves acts on the SA node 
bilateral 
has the most Na+ leak channels => self-depolarization
-50 mV
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30
Q

Parasympathetic system continually ____ depolarization of the SA node

A

inhibits

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31
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

allow impulse to spread rapidly and evenly over both ventricles

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32
Q

Heart Beat pathway

A

SA node -> atria (contract) -> AV node -> bundle of His -> right/left bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricles (contract) [apex]

33
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV node)

A

borders right atrium/ventricle

slight pause of signal so there’s enough time to fill ventricles

34
Q

Ohm’s law for blood flow

A

ΔP = Q x R

ΔP - pressure gradient from arterial to venous system (mm Hg)
Q - blood flow (L/min)
R - resistance

35
Q

Ways to increase blood pressure:

A
  1. increase resistance

2. Decrease vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)

36
Q

Blood plasma

A 
~54% blood volume
contains (dissolved in water):
1. electrolytes
2. buffers 
3. sugars
4. blood proteins
5. lipoproteins 
6. CO2 , O2 
7. metabolic waste products
37
Q

Blood proteins

A

most are made by the liver

38
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
produced in the bone marrow (stimulated by erythropoeitin
killed by phagocytes in liver and spleen
no nucleus/other organelles
uses ATP made by glycolysis
120-day lifetime

39
Q

A blood produces ___ antigen and ___ antibody

A

A antigen and anti-B antibody

40
Q

Sensitization

A

anti-Rh antibodies develop when Rh- blood is exposed to Rh+ blood

41
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

White Blood Cells (WBCs)
fight infection
dispose of debris
roam free in the tissues

42
Q

Macrophage

A

phagocytose debris and microorganisms
amoeboid motility
chemotaxis

43
Q

B cells

A

mature into plasma cell and produces antibodies

immature B-cells derived from bone marrow

44
Q

T cells

A 
kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, reject tissue grafts 
control immune response
produced in bone marrow
mature in the thymus (during childhood)
specific for a particular antigen
45
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytose bacteria resulting in a pus

amoeboid motility

46
Q

Eosinophil

A

destroy parasites

allergic reactions

47
Q

Basophil

A

store and release histamine

allergic reactions

48
Q

platelets

A

no nuclei
limited lifespan
derived from fragmentation of megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cells - derived from same stem cells as RBCs)
aggregate at site of damage and form a platelet plug
helps stop bleeding

49
Q

Fibrin

A

threadlike protein that forms mesh
scab = dried fibrin
seals and protects the wound

50
Q

Fibrinogen

A

plasma protein
converted to fibrin by thrombin
need Ca++ and many accessory proteins for activation

51
Q

Thrombin

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

need Ca++ and many accessory proteins for activation

52
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clot

scab circulating in the bloodstream

53
Q

Several proteins depend on ____

A

Vitamin K

54
Q

Bohr Effect

A

right shift O2 curve => low affinity

  1. pH decreases
  2. temperature increases
  3. P CO2 increases
  4. 2,3-BPG increases
55
Q

O2 (gas transport)

A

~ 3% dissolved in plasma
~ 97% bound to hemoglobin
too hydrophobic

56
Q

CO2 (gas transport)

A

~ 7% dissolved in plasma
~ 20% bound to hemoglobin
-important in stabilizing deoxygenated Hb in Bohr effect
~ 73% bicarbonate ion in blood
-extremely water-soluble
-converted using RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase

57
Q

Hepatic Portal vein

A

amino acids and glucose absorbed from digestive tract travel in the vein to the liver

58
Q

Chylomicrons

A

type of lipoprotein that fats absorbed from small intestine are packaged into

59
Q

Albumin

A

plasma protein that retains water in the capillaries
too big to leave through the cleft in between the capillaries
made in the liver

60
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins

61
Q

Edema

A

swelling in the tissues

62
Q

Lymphatic system

A

used to return fluid, WBCs, proteins from the tissues to the bloodstream
lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts

63
Q

Lymph nodes

A

where lymph is filtered

initiate immune response

64
Q

Thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel
empties into large vein near the neck
lymphatic vessels from the intestines dump chylomicrons into thoracic duct

65
Q

Innate immunity

A

non-specific protection
simplest example: skin (physical barrier)
mucus (traps debris)
tears, saliva (lysozyme)
phagocytic cells (macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells)
fever/inflammation
gastric pH
complement proteins -> poke holes in cell membrane -> lyse cells

66
Q

Humoral immunity

A

specific (adaptive) immunity by proteins

B-cells (B-lymphocytes)

67
Q

Antibody

A

light/heavy chain (constant region)

variable region = responsible for specificity of antibodies

68
Q

Hapten

A

small part of a larger protein that becomes the antigen

69
Q

Ways of removing antigen from body (B-cells)

A
  1. Opsonize - marking for macrophages/complements

2. Form insoluble complexes (inactive antigen)

70
Q

1st exposure to antigen –>

primary exposure

A

B-cells -> memory cells, plasma cells-> secrete antibodies

takes ~7-10 days

71
Q

2nd exposure to antigen –>

secondary exposure

A

memory cells -> plasma cells -> secrete antibodies

takes ~1 day

72
Q

antibody proteins

A

assembled by recombination from many segments during B cell development
have different variable regions

73
Q

Plasma cells

A

actively produce and secrete antibodies into the plasma

74
Q

Memory cells

A

produced from same clone and have same variable regions

do not secrete antibody

75
Q

T helpers (CD4 cells)

A

activate B cells, T killer cells and other cells of the immune system
central controller of whole immune response
releasing special hormones (lymphokines, interleukins)]
only activated by antigen presented on MHC II

76
Q

T killer cells (CD8 cells)

Cytotoxic T cells

A

destroy abnormal host cells: virus-infected, cancer, foreign cells
secretes perforin and granzyme B to kill infected cells

77
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I

A

MHC I proteins found on surface of every nucleated cell in the body
presents self-antigens on surface
allows T cells to monitor cell activity
infected cells killed by T killer cells

78
Q

MHC II

A

only certain special cells have MHC II = antigen presenting cells (APCs) - B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
display foreign antigen to T-cells -> activates B cells/T killer cells

79
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome (thymic aplasia)

A

T-cell deficiency

increased susceptibility to infection

MCAT BIO (11 decks)

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