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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
0
Q

What is heredity

A

How traits are passed down

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1
Q

What is genetics

A

Study of heredity

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2
Q

What is blending

A

Belief that each parent passed down genes to offspring

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3
Q

What did Gregor Mendel look at

A

How pea plants reproduce

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4
Q

What did Gregor Mendel to get purebred plants

A

Self pollinated pea plants

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5
Q

What has two identical alleles

A

Homozygous

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7
Q

What has two different alleles

A

Heterozygous

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8
Q

What is a gene

A

Chemical factor that determines traits

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9
Q

What is a trait

A

Specific characteristic

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10
Q

What is a hybrid

A

Parents with different traits create an offspring

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11
Q

What has one type of allele

A

Purebred organism

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12
Q

What is physical characteristics also known as

A

Phenotype

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13
Q

What are phenotypes

A

Physical characteristics

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14
Q

What are genotypes

A

Genetic makeup

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15
Q

What is genetic makeup also called

A

Genotype

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16
Q

What is the allele that takes over called

A

Dominant

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17
Q

If an allele is not visible what is it also referred to

A

recessive

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18
Q

What did Gregor Mendel want to do

A

Wanted to produce seeds by joining gametes from different plants

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19
Q

What does the law of dominance state

A

Some alleles are dominant or recessive

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20
Q

The belief that some alleles are dominant or recessive is called

A

Law of dominance

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21
Q

What does the law of independence assortment state

A

Genes for different traits can separate during meiosis

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22
Q

What does the punnett square predict

A

Genetic variations

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23
Q

What predicts genetic variations

A

Punnett square

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24
Q

A monohybrid cross has how many traits

A

1

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25
Q

What has 1 type of trait

A

Monohybrid cross

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26
Q

What involves 2 traits

A

Dihybrid cross

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27
Q

How many traits does a dihybrid cross have

A

2

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28
Q

What does a pedigree show

A

Relationships within a family

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29
Q

What shows the relationship within a family

A

Pedigree

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30
Q

What is a mutation

A

Changes in DNA

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31
Q

When no allele is clearly dominant what is this called

A

Incomplete dominance

32
Q

When both alleles contribute to the phenotype what is this called

A

Codominance

33
Q

When genes have more than 2 alleles what is this Known as

A

Multiple alleles

34
Q

Where are sex linked traits found

A

X chromosome

35
Q

What is a polygenetic inheritance

A

When a trait is produced from many genes

36
Q

What is the failure of a chromosome or a chromatid to separate

A

Nondisjunction

37
Q

What is a karyotype

A

Picture of chromosomes

38
Q

What is an allele

A

Different forms of a gene

39
Q

Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex

A

23rd pair

40
Q

What are the 1st-22nd pairs of chromosomes known as

A

Autosomes

41
Q

What gender is this

XX

A

Female

42
Q

What gender is shown

XY

A

Male

43
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

Mix between homozygotes

44
Q

What is codominance

A

Both alleles are visible

45
Q

What are multiple alleles

A

Many alleles control 1 trait

46
Q

Mutations can occur in

A

Multiple alleles

47
Q

Where are sex-linked traits found

A

On the sex chromosome (X)

48
Q

What is the sex chromosome

A

x

49
Q

What happens during cystic fibrosis

A

Mucus accumulates

50
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease

A

Lack enzymes that break down lipids

Can’t control muscle tone

51
Q

Can huntingtons disease kill you

A

Yes

52
Q

What happens to your brain if you have huntingtons disease

A

It breaks down

53
Q

What organ does huntingtons disease effect

A

Brain

54
Q

When do you find out you have huntingtons disease

A

Later years

55
Q

What does a square represent in a pedigree

A

Male

56
Q

What does a circle represent in a pedigree

A

Female

57
Q

What does a shades symbol show in a pedigree

A

The person has the effected trait

58
Q

What do Roman numerals tell in a pedigree

A

Generation

59
Q

What does a slash through a symbol mean

A

Deceased

60
Q

What does a symbol split in half represent

A

They carry the trait but it is not expressed

61
Q

What happens during gene therapy

A

The faulty gene is replaced with a normal gene

62
Q

What is the inheritance of sickle cell anemia

A

Codominant recessive

63
Q

What type of blood is the universal donor

A

O

64
Q

What happens if the wrong type of blood is given to a person

A

Death

65
Q

What are the different sex-linked traits

A

Color blindness
Hemophilia
Muscle dystrophy

66
Q

What type of blood is the universal recipient

A

AB

67
Q

What inheritance is type O blood

A

Recessive

68
Q

How many alleles control blood type

A

3

69
Q

More or less than the regular amount of chromosomes causes

A

Mutations

70
Q

What causes Down syndrome

A

Nondisjunction

71
Q

When does Nondisjunction take place

A

During meiosis

72
Q

Down syndrome is also known as

A

Trisomy 21

73
Q

What is trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome

74
Q

How many chromosomes does a person with Down syndrome have

A

47

75
Q

Where is the extra chromosome located on a person that has Down syndrome

A

23rd chromosome

76
Q

Amniocentesis is a way to look for what

A

Genetic disorders

biology (11 decks)

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