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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with same length and same genes but different alleles.

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1
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

He wanted to improve crops and help his bro who got him an education and a place at the monastery. He worked with pea plants and after 20 yrs wrote a paper about inheritable traits.

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

DNA that encodes for a function/trait. i.e. Eye color

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3
Q

What’s an allele?

A

Version of a gene.

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4
Q

Genotype?

A

The allelic makeup (which alleles organism has).

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5
Q

Phenotype?

A

The appearance of an organism.

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6
Q

What is selfing?

A

To self means to mate with itself.

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7
Q

How does the pea flower plant self?

A

The pea plant have both male (stamen) and female (carpel) genitalia. If left, it will self.

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8
Q

Why do you breed?

A

To find out how many alleles something has.

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9
Q

What did Mendel do to cross two true breeders or a white and purple flower?

A

Mendel cut off the stamen (sperm) of the white and purple flowers before they matured. Then took a paint brush and got the pollen (mature sperm) of the opposite flower and put it on the opposite carpel.

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10
Q

How did Mendel find out purple was dominant and white flowers were recessive?

A

Mendel crosses two true breeders (purple x white) and the F1 was all purple flowers!

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11
Q

What is P generation stand for?

A

True breeding parents/parental cross.

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12
Q

What does F1 stand for?

A

First generation/filial cross

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13
Q

How did Mendel find out the hidden trait? And the 3:1 ratio?

A

He crossed a purple and a white and got all purple flowers. They he mates those F1 purple flowers and got 3 purples to 1 white!

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14
Q

What do punnett squares tell you?

A

They let you know the possible allelic

outcomes of a cross

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15
Q

What does monohybrid mean?

A

That we’re only looking at one trait!

16
Q

What does dihybrid mean?

A

That we’re looking at two genes/traits.

17
Q

What’s the 9:3:3:1 ration mean?

A

The more pea pod allelic makeup you count you will always get 9 smooth yellow to 3 wrinkled yellow to 3 smooth green to 1 wrinkled green.

18
Q

How did Mendel come up with the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1?

A

This ratio was the result of a dihybrid cross between a p1 smooth yellow and wrinkles green. Then for F1 he got 100% yellow smooth. He allowed the F1 to self and got the F2 which had the 9:3:3:1 ratio!

19
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

A

Snap dragon plants because if you cross P1 red and white you get pink.

20
Q

What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio for snap dragons?

A

They are the same 1:2:1. 1 red to 2 pink to 1 white

21
Q

What is an example of a false phenotype?

A

Hydrangeas! They’re white but they become purple by treating the soil and become pink when sitting on rusty nails. Just look at the ecosystem!

22
Q

What are autosomes or what does autosomal mean?

A

Autosomes or autosomal refers to the non sex chromosomes!

23
Q

What is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?

A

Sickle cell anemia which is a recessive disorder (ss).

24
Q

What is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?

A

Huntington’s disease (Hh).

25
Q

What is non disjunction in meiosis 1

look like?

A

Means that 100% of gametes get an abnormal # of chromosomes. ???

26
Q

What does non disjunction is meiosis 2 mean?

A

50% is second division is abnormal and 50% of gametes is normal.

27
Q

Trisomy 21 risk?

A

There’s only a 3% risk (1/32) for mother to have a Down syndrome child with three chromosome 21s.

28
Q

Why is in vitro used?

A

Parents will ask embryos to be tested before transplantation if there is a risk of trisomy 21.

29
Q

What is Cri du chat?

A

Severe mental retardation where a child will cry in pain until death. Homologous Chromosome 5 has one long chromosome and one portion deleted on the second chromosome.

30
Q

What four types of DNA displacements can occur?

A

Deletion, inversion, translocation and a duplication.

31
Q

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

A

Alleles separate and its random chance which allele you’re going to get. Ex: P or p.

32
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Traits are organized and don’t affect each other. Hitchhiker’s thumb has no bearing on a detached ear lobe gene.

33
Q

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

A

Alleles separate and its random chance which allele you’re going to get. Ex: P or p.

34
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Traits are organized and don’t affect each other. Hitchhiker’s thumb has no bearing on a detached ear lobe gene.

Biology (7 decks)

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