Bio 11 Midterm 2 Learning Objectives!

Question 0

What is a ribozyme?

Answer 0

RNA

Question 1

Describe prebiotic evolution and the Miller experiment that showed how simple organic molecules can be made.

Answer 1

.

Question 2

How did the predator prey relations help in evolution.

Answer 2

.

Question 3

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Answer 3

.

Question 4

Be able to describe systematics.

Answer 4

Kings play chess on the fine sand

Question 5

Describe the basic structure of a virus.

Answer 5

Virus have

Question 6

How does HIV work?

Answer 6

Kills yah guy

Question 7

Describe the environments bacteria can be found in.

Answer 7

.

Question 8

Describe Mutualism and Disease Organisms (pathogens).

Answer 8

F

Question 9

What Are antibiotics? How do they work? And what does antibiotic resistance mean?

Answer 9

Mel Wong to!

Question 10

List all the different shapes do bacteria have.

Answer 10

Spiral,

Question 11

How do you classify bacteria?

Answer 11

Shape, gram +

Question 12

Name the differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Answer 12

Y

Question 13

What are the differences between nutritional modes of bacteria and energy modes of bacteria?

Answer 13

K

Question 14

Describe archaea.

Answer 14

Ya

Question 16

Who was Mendel?

Answer 16

In the 1800s, Mendel was living in a monastery funded by his brother. He decided to pay his brother back as a farmer, he wanted to genetically engineer plants. From there, he took pea flowers and conducted a monohybrid cross getting the 3:1 ratio. 3 purples to one white. He also did a dihybrid cross getting a 9:3:3:1 ration with pea plants. 9 yellow smooth, 3 yellow wrinkles 3 green smooth 1 green wrinkled. Mendel founded the laws of segregation and independent assortment. 1800s-Mendel wanted to help his brother by improving crops. Partly because his brother funded his education in the monastery. His actions were regulated by the pope, therefore he decided to work with pea plants. After 20 years he wrote a paper that went ignored about inheritable traits. Mendel had two laws: Law of Independent Assortment and Law of Segregation: Independent Assortment meant that the traits were organized and had no effect on another trait. Ex: Hitchhiker’s thumb had no bearing on a detached ear lobe gene. Segregation meant Alleles segregate and its random chance which allele you’ll inherit from your parents. Ex: P or p Pea Plants: Mendel took two true breeds (white and purple flowers). He cut off the stamen (sperm) of the white and purple flowers before they matured. Then he took a paint brush and got the pollen (mature sperm) of one flower and put it on the carpel (eggs) of the other. He crossed two true breeders and the F1s were all purple flowers. Then he selfed the purple flowers and the F2s were: 3 purples to 1 white flower. 3:1 RATIO! For the 9:3:3:1 ration, this ratio was the result of a dihybrid cross between P1 smooth yellow and wrinkled green. The F1s were 100% yellow smooth. He selfed the F1s and the F2s had a 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Question 17

Define homologous chromosomes.

Answer 17

Homologous Chromosomes-Chromosomes with the same length and same genes but different alleles.

Question 18

Genes?

Answer 18

Genes-DNA that encodes for a function/trait. i.e. Eye color

Question 19

Alleles

Answer 19

Version of a gene. i.e. blue or brown eye color

Question 19

Give an example of a monohybrid cross.

Answer 19

One gene

Question 20

Genotype and phenotype?

Answer 20

Genotype-The allelic makeup (which alleles the organism has). Phenotype-The physical appearance of an organism.

Question 21

Give an example of a dihybrid cross and how to do it

Answer 21

2 genes

Question 22

What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.

Answer 22

“Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the dominant and recessive phenotypes.” (aboutedu.com)

Example: Snap Dragons: RR (red) x rr (white) = Rr (pink flower)

genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1

Don’t confuse with codominance(i.e. AB Blood Type)!

Question 23

What are the alleles in blood. How does it work?

Answer 23

O is the universal donor

AB is the universal acceptor

Possible Donors:

A, O A

B, O B

Everybody AB

O O

Question 24

Tips for genetic problems and exaples

Answer 24

Bank

Question 25

What is a polygenic trait?

Answer 25

“Polygenic traits are controlled by two or more than two genes (usually by many different genes) at different loci on different chromosomes. These genes are described as polygenes. Examples of human polygenic inheritance are height, skin colour and weight. Polygenes allow a wide range of physical traits. For instance, height is regulated by several genes so that there will be a wide range of heights in a population.” (bio-online.org)

Question 26

Describe chromosomal inheritance.

Answer 26

More advanced than Mendelian Genetics! Chromosomal Inheritance has to do with how genes are passed down in meiosis and mitosis! Chromosomes hold an organism’s genetic information packaged inside a gamete.

Link to Chromosomal Inheritance: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaxSDryqB6M

Question 27

Pedigree time. How do you when it’s sexlinked? Autosomal dominant or recessive?

Answer 27

Sex-Linked- X Linked

Y Linked

• Traits on the Y chromosome are only found in males, never in females.
• The father’s traits are passed to all sons.
• Dominance is irrelevant: there is only 1 copy of each Y-linked gene (hemizygous).

Autosomal Dominant

• Assume affected outsiders are assumed to be heterozygotes.
• All unaffected individuals are homozygous for the normal recessive allele.

Autosomal Recessive

• All affected are homozygotes.
• Unaffected outsiders are assumed to be homozygous normal
• Consanguineous matings are often (but not always) involved.

Question 28

List and describe Chromosomal deletion and insertion.

Answer 28

a mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. Deletions can be caused by errors in chromosomal crossover during meiosis. This causes several serious genetic diseases.

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome inserted into another. This can happen due to unequal crossover during meiosis.

Question 29

Define population.

Answer 29

Population-

Individuals don’t evolve but a whole population does.

Question 30

Define gene pool

Answer 30

Gene pool-All alleles in a population. Alleles that affect evolution comes from whomever has a lot more progeny; they will add their alleles to the gene pool.

Question 31

Define micro evolution.

Answer 31

Microevolution-Change in allelic frequency at the DNA level. Change in the A, T, G and C’s. This changes the allele and how one expresses this allele.

Question 32

What’s the hardy Weinberg equation. Give examples of problems.

Answer 32

This is an equation to describe the population

Equation: p2+2pq+q2 = 1

p= dominant

q= recessive

p + q = 1

p2= Homozygous Dominant

2pq= Heterozygous

q2=Homozygous recessive

Question 33

What are the five conditions that must hold for hardy Weinberg?

Answer 33

Mutation

Gene Flow

Genetic Drift

Non-random mating

Natural Selection

An Ideal population doesn’t have any of these five conditions!

Link to Hardy Weinberg Equation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPkOAnK20kw

Question 34

Define genetic mutations.

Answer 34

Genetic Mutations-Mutations that occur in the sex cells because this will effect the progeny and therefore the genetic pool.

Means alteration in an organism’s DNA.

Benefiical Mutations: Adaptive Mutations are indispensable in evolution

Question 35

Gene Flow?

Answer 35

The movement of alleles from one population to another.

Two situations: Happens when individuals move between populations OR when one species population joins a different population

Ex: If you go from SF to Costa Rica you are taking all of your genes and alleles with you.

Question 36

Genetic Drift?

Answer 36

In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendents and genes than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals.

Question 37

Bottle Neck Effect?

Answer 37

Population bottlenecks occur when a population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. Because genetic drift acts more quickly to reduce genetic variation in small populations, undergoing a bottleneck can reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot, even if the bottleneck doesn’t last for very many generations.

Question 38

Non-random mating?

Answer 38

When mates are chosen based on certain traits leads to Non-random choice

Question 39

Natural Selection?

Answer 39

If you’re slow, you’re eaten!

Question 40

Directional Selection?

Answer 40

Directional selection is a type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the mean or other extreme.

Question 41

Stabilizing Selection?

Answer 41

When selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait, the population experiences stabilizing selection.

Question 42

Disruptive Selection?

Answer 42

In disruptive selection, selection pressures act against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution. The result is a bimodal, or two-peaked, curve in which the two extremes of the curve create their own smaller curves.

Question 44

Define: haploid, diploid, gametophyte, sporophyte

Answer 44

Haploid: containing a single set of chromosomes; referring to an n cell.

Diploid: Containing two sets of chromosomes (pairs of homologous chromosomes) in each cell, one set inherited from each parent; referring to a 2n cell.

Gametophyte: The multicellular haploid from in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of spores and mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Sporophyte: The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Question 45

How does reproduction in fungi take place?

Answer 45

Reproduction in fungi can be asexual and sexual. Fungi typically reproduce by releasing haploid spores that are produced either sexually or asexually. For example, puffballs, which are reproductive structures of certain fungi, can spew clouds containing spores. The spores are carried by wind or water then germinate to produce mycelia if they land in a moist place where there is food. Mold is an example of an asexually reproducing fungi.

Yeast is any single celled fungi that reproduces by cell division or budding. Fungi first fuse their cytoplasm–leading to a cell with to a cell with two nuclei. This is called the Heterokaryotic stage. Then the nuclei fuse. Then meiosis occurs. (Meiosis only occurs in diploid cells)

Question 46

What does the life cycle look like?

Question 47

How do the five groups of fungi differ? How are they alike? Be able to describe 
all five.

Answer 47

Chytrids are the only fungi that have flagellated spores. They are common in lakes, ponds and soil. They can be decomposers or parasites.

Zygomycetes are characterized by zygosporangium which form haploid spores by meiosis. They can live on soil or decaying plant or animal matter.

Glomerocymetes are involved in mycorrhiza formations in plants. They are genetically different from zygomycetes.

Ascomycetes have sac like structures used in sexual reproduction that contain the spores known as acsi. Their environment varies and they can be single celled or multicellular. These organisms are involved in lichens.

Basidomycetes have club shaped spores—basidium. Many are decomposers.

These five groups of fungi are alike because they are Eukaryotes, they absorb their nutrients and they all have chitin in their cell walls.