Digestion and Circulation Flashcards
What is a Herbivore?
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material for the main component of its diet. PLANTS!
Define Carnivore.
Is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging. ANIMALS!
What is an Omnivore?
Is an animal that can derive its energy and nutrients from a diet consisting of a variety of food sources that may include plants, animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. EVERYTHING!
What is a Suspension feeder?
Any aquatic animal, as a sponge or clam, that feeds by straining and extracting food particles and small organisms from the water.
What is a Substrate feeder?
Organism that lives on their food source. Ex. lice (live on the skin and feed off skin , termites live in wood and feed off wood), caterpillars, maggots and fruit
What is an Fluid eater?
Fluid feeders are organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms. It can refer to: Hematophagy, feeding on blood Nectarivore, feeding on nectar Plant sap feeders Leeches
What is a bulk feeder?
Ingest large pieces of food. Ex: Boa constrictors eat mouse whole.
Evolution of digestion:
Simplest form is the food vacuole (i.e. sponges)
Next moving to extra-cellular digestion (i.e. gastrovascular cavity of cnidara)
Next moving to a digestive tract with two openings (i.e. earthworm)
Finally the appearance of specialized digestive compartments. (i.e. humans, birds)
How does digestion start?
Digestion begins by breaking down carbohydrates using enzyme amylase and mechanically breaks down the other food groups.
Digestion in the stomach:
Stomach is an area for storage, the start of protein digestion starts in the stomach. The hormone gastrin helps regulate secretion of HCI. HCI (hydrochloric acid) and pepsinogen (from pepsin) break down and churn the food in the stomach. The mucus lining protects the stomach from its acidic environment otherwise it would eat itself. The stomach creates an chyme (soup) from the bolus that is slowly released into the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter. Stomach takes 2-6 hours to fully empty (time depends on fat content). Only water, alcohol and a few drugs can be absorbed by the stomach.
Where does the majority of digestion take place?
The majority of digestion takes place in the small intestine. All four types of nutrients: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids and fats are digested and absorbed in the small intestine. The small intestine has three parts: duodenum, Jejunum and the ileum. Liver bile, pancreatic enzymes and gall bladder with the liver releases juices into the duodenum to aid digestion.
What is the role of the pancreas?
Produces fluids that neutralize chyme and also digestive enzymes. Duodenum also produces digestive enzymes. Info about enzymes: http://www.holistic-wellness-basics.com/digestive-system-enzymes.html
What is the role of the liver?
The liver produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fats–allows for digestion.
Where does the majority of absorption take place?
Majority of absorption takes place in small intestine. Villi located on the intestinal walls absorb nutrients from food. Nutrient absorption of amino acids, sugars, fatty acids and glycerol go into the epithelial cell. Amino acids go into the blood capillaries. Fatty acids and glycerol enter into the lymph vessels. (Folding of the intestinal walls indicate absorption.)
What does the large intestine do?
The large intestine reabsorbs water and feeds bacteria that give us biotin, folic acid, several B vitamins and vitamin K. The organ is responsible for collecting waste not digested in the small intestine. This organ stores waste until it is ready to be ejected from the body, and is made of various sections including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Left over chyme not absorbed enters large intestine and becomes feces. The rectum holds the feces until nature calls.
What is xylem?
Is a transport tissue in vascular plants that conducts water up from the roots. Roots ->Stems -> Leaves. Can only move water upwards.
What is phloem?
The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products (i.e. carbs and amino acids) from the leaves to other areas like leaves and roots of the plant for storage. The phloem can move up and down. In osmosis, the phloem has a low concentration of water. Leaves->Stem->Roots and other areas of the plant for storage.
What is bulk flow?
Bulk flow is the process by which proteins with a sorting signal, travel to and from different cellular compartments. Ex: Maple Syrup because the tree takes sugar and brings it to the bark or Molasses.
What is the cohesion tension theory?
The hypothesis used to explain how water can travel upwards against gravity in a plant. Transpiration is believed to play a large factor in this, where the cohesive water travels upwards replacing water lost. (Cohesion has to do with the Hydrogen Bonds holding water together. Tension is the evaporation of water out of the stomata).
What is transpiration?
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomata are bordered by guard cells and their stomatal accessory cells (together known as stomatal complex) that open and close the pore. Transpiration occurs through the stomatal apertures, and can be thought of as a necessary “cost” associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants, changes osmotic pressure of cells, and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots.
