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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Genetic material is passed from parents through reproductive cells, _____ and _____, to offspring creating a link from generation to generation

A

Sperm and ova

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1
Q

Study of heredity and variation

A

Genetics

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2
Q

The occurrence of differences among individuals of the same species

A

Variation

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3
Q

Nuclear structures that carry the genes containing genetic material

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

_____ are found at a fixed location on the chromosome

A

Genes

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5
Q

The basic unit of inheritance

A

Gene

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6
Q

A gene is a defined unit of ____ composed of a certain _______ _______

A

DNA

nucleotide sequence

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7
Q

Double stranded molecule composed of nucleotides

A

DNA

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8
Q

Nucleotides are composed of what 3 things?

A

Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen containing base

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9
Q

Bases can be classified as a _____ or a _____

A

Purine or pyrimidine

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10
Q

Two purines

A

Adenine and guinine

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11
Q

Two pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cytosine

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12
Q

Adenine bonds to______

Cytosine bonds to______

A

Thymine

Guinine

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13
Q

______ are double ringed and ______ are single ringed

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

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14
Q

Double helix structure founded by who?

A

Watson and Crick

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15
Q

Process where mRNA is formed from DNA

A

Transcription

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16
Q

Process where mRNA is converted to a protein

A

Translation

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17
Q

3 base sequence provided for a specific protein after _____ attaches to ribosome

A

Codon

mRNA

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18
Q

____ attaches to a specific amino acid based in a 3 base sequence called an ____ ____

A

tRNA

anti codon

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19
Q

Occur in pairs in mammalian cells and the number is constant for a species

A

Somatic cells

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20
Q

All cells have a full set of ______ (2n:____) except for reproductive cells which one have n (____)

A

Chromosomes
Diploid
Haploi

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21
Q

For each pair of chromosomes in an individual, one came from the ____ and one came from the _____

A

Male

Female

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22
Q 
Chromosome numbers
Man
Cattle
Swine
Horse
Sheep
All are haploid or diploid?
A 
46 (23 pairs)
60 (30 pairs)
38 (19 pairs)
64 (32 pairs) 
54 (27 pairs)
Diploid (2n)
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23
Q

What determines the sex of the animal?
XY=_____
XX=_____

A

Sex chromosomes
Male
Female

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24
Q

Process of cell division where two identical daughter cells are formed with the same compliment of chromosome pairs
Haploid or diploid?

A

Mitosis

Diploid

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25
Q

Process of cell division where daughter cells (sperm or ova) contain one half the number of chromosomes
Haploid or diploid?

A

Meiosis

Haploid

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26
Q

The production of gametes

A

Gametogenesis

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27
Q

Steps of spermatogenesis

A 
Primordial germ cell 
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Mature sperm
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28
Q

The primordial germ cell is also called ____ and ____ during gamete formation

A

Spermatogonia and oogonia

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29
Q

Steps of oogenesis

A 
Primordial germ cell
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte
Ootid
Ovum
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30
Q

____ mature sperm are produced from spermatogenesis and ___ mature ova are produced from oogenesis

A

4

1

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31
Q

1 cell in oogenesis becomes ____ ____ and does not continue through maturation process

A

Polar body

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32
Q

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome

A

Gene locus

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33
Q

______ chromosomes are right across from each other

A

Homologous

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34
Q

Forms the coding system that directs the production of enzymes and proteins and thus controls the development of all traits

A

Gene locus

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35
Q

Different forms of a gene that can occur at the same locus

Ex?

A

Allele

Coat color in cattle

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36
Q

Alleles at homologous gene sites are identical

A

Homozygous

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37
Q

Alleles at homologous gene sites are not identical

A

Heterozygous

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38
Q

Genetic material of an individual as determined by it’s genes

A

Genotype

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39
Q

Physical expression of an individual’s genotype

Result of _____ _____ and _____

A

Phenotype

Gene content and environment

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40
Q

Phenotype=_____+_____

A

Genotype

Environment

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41
Q

Who is the father of genetics?
______ monk
First to understand ______
Found two major _____

A

Gregor Mendel
Austrian
Inheritance
Principles

42
Q

Two principles founded by Gregor Mendel

A

Principle of segregation

Principle of independent assortment

43
Q

Paired genes are separated from each other and distributed in different sex cells

A

Principle of segregation

44
Q

Alleles are separated into sex cells

Each allele has an equal chance of being included in a gamete

A

Principle of independent assortment

45
Q

What are the two types of inherited traits?

A

Qualitative and quantitative

46
Q

Traits controlled by one or two genes

Examples

A

Qualitative traits

Coat color, horns, inverted nipple, cryptorchidism

47
Q

One testicle doesn’t descent from body

A

Cryptorchidism

48
Q

Traits affected by man genes and contain a continuous variation
Examples

A

Quantitative

Rate of gain, feed efficiency, milk production, carcass quality, fertility

49
Q

Hornlike tissue attached to skin of polled cattle

Dominant or recessive trait?

A

Scurs

Dominant trait

50
Q

Inheritance

Each _____ will have a different affect on _____

A

Allele

Phenotype

51
Q

Allele expresses itself or limits the expression of other alleles

A

Dominant allele

52
Q

The allele whose expression is limited

A

Recessive allele

53
Q

The polled traitor cattle is dominant or recessive

A

Dominant

54
Q

Neither allele completely covers the other, this the phenotype is a mixture or blending
Example

A 
Codominance
Coat color in shorthorn 
- RR: red
- WW : white 
- RW : roam
55
Q

A gene or gene pair masks (or controls) the expression of another non-allergic gene pair
Example

A

Epistasis

Albinoism in cats

56
Q

The heterozygote is superior to either of the homozygotes

A

Overdominance

57
Q

Performance of offspring is superior to average of the parents
Example

A

Heterosis

Milk production, growth traits, reproduction

58
Q

Two methods for genetic improvement

A

Selection

Mating or breeding systems

59
Q

Choosing which animals in a generation will be allowed to become parents in the next generation and thus be the source of genetic material for the population

A

Selection

60
Q

Selection changes the _____ _____ of a gene in the population

A

Allelic frequency

61
Q

Methods of selection (4)

A

Single trait selection
Tandem selection
Independent culling level
Selection index

62
Q

Select for a trait until some desired level is reached then select for another trait

A

Tandem selection

63
Q

Set minimum standards for a trait and cull animals that fail

Downside?

A

Independent culling level

Animal could be superior in other traits as well

64
Q

Combines traits into one value based on their economic importance and level of genetic variation
Most fundamentally sound method!

A

Selection index

65
Q

Selection tools (6)

A 
Appearance
Pedigree
Family selection
Individual performance records
Progeny testing
Genotyping
66
Q

Portion of phenotypic variation that is due to genetic causes and can be passed onto offspring

A

Heritability

67
Q

Selection tools:
Eliminate physical abnormalities
Select for certain conformation
Structural soundness

A

Appearance

68
Q

Selection tools:
Record of ancestry
Identifies lines that excel in traits

A

Pedigree

69
Q

Selection tools:
Selection based on performance of the entire family
Poor performing families are culled

A

Family selection

70
Q

Selection tools:
Information on the individual
Trait has to be moderately to highly heritable

A

Individual performance records

71
Q

Selection tools:

Evaluation of an individual based on its offspring

A

Progeny testing

72
Q

Selection tools:
Absence/presence of markers
Look for favorable traits

A

Genotyping

73
Q

The objective of using selection tools is to develop _______ _______

A

Breeding values

74
Q

A measure do the genetic value of an animal

A

Breeding value

75
Q

The amount an individual can contribute to its offspring

Formula?

A

Transmitting ability

Breeding value/2

76
Q

Two main forms of transmitting abilities use in the livestock industry

A

Expected progeny difference

Predicted transmitting ability

77
Q

EPDs and PTAs are based on records from what 3 things?

A

Individual
Pedigree
Progeny

78
Q

Requirements to make genetic progress (2)

A

Trait must be heritable

Must be variation in population

79
Q

Genetic progress formula

A

H^2 x selection differential

80
Q

Difference between the average of the individuals selected for mating and the population

A

Selection differential

81
Q

3 types of mating systems

A

Random
Inbreeding
Outbreeding

82
Q

Mating with no selection

A

Random mating

83
Q

Mating of animals that are more closely related than the average of the population

A

Inbreeding

84
Q

Concentrate the genotype of one superior animal
_____ _____ mated to __________
_____ _____ mated to __________
Consequence?

A

Line breeding
Male parent to granddaughter
Female parent to grandson
All begin to look alike

85
Q

Reduction of genetic variability and thus reduced vigor and fertility

A

In breeding depression

86
Q

Mating of animals that are less closely related than the average of the population (but same breed)

A

Outbreeding

87
Q

genetics of one of crossbred parents that would maintain superiority in crossbreeds

A

Complimentarity

88
Q

Performance of crossbred offspring that exceeds average of the parents
Formula?

A

Heterosis

89
Q

To get heterosis: _______-_______

Percent heterosis: (_____-_____)/____ x100

A

(Average of population)-(average of parents aka expected value)
(Actual-expected)/expected x100

90
Q

Carcass has a ______ heritability and a ____ heterosis

A

High

Low

91
Q

Growth has a _____ heritability and a ______ heterosis

A

Medium

Medium

92
Q

Reproduction had a ______ heritability and a _____ heterosis

A

Low

High

93
Q

mating systems (4)

A

Two breed terminal cross
Two breed rotational cross
Three breed rotational cross
Three breed rota terminal cross

94
Q

Advantages of two breed terminal cross (2)

A 
Simple
Maximized heterosis (100%)
95
Q

Disadvantages of two breed terminal cross (2)

A

Have to maintain purebred herds

No heterosis in females

96
Q

Advantages of two breed rotational cross

A

Simple
Produce females
Heterosis in dam

97
Q

Heterosis in dam means added _______ and ______

A

Reproduction and fertility

98
Q

Disadvantages or two breed rotational cross

A

67% heterosis

Two pastures needed

99
Q

Advantages of 3 breed rotational cross

A

86% heterosis
Produce females
Heterosis in dam

100
Q

Disadvantages of 3 breed rotational cross

A

Large numbers needed
Multiple pastures
Labor intensive

101
Q

Advantages of two breed rota-terminal cross

A

Produce replacement females
Heterosis in female
Maxi mum heterosis in terminal cross calves
Can utilize complimentarity in terminal cross calves

102
Q

Disadvantages of two breed rota terminal cross

A

Only 67% heterosis in females and rotational calves
Requires greater number of animals to implement
Requires greater management input

Animal Science (4 decks)

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