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Animal Nutrition Flashcards

0
Q

What is the largest production cost In the livestock industry? __-__%

A

Feed costs

60-75%

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1
Q

The study of feedstuffs and their efficient utilization by livestock in producing animal products such as meat, milk, wool, and work

A

Animal nutrition

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2
Q

A feed constituent (chemical substance) that is absorbed from the digestive tract and is metabolized by the body to support life

A

Nutrient

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3
Q

Six classes of nutrients

A 
Fats
Proteins 
Vitamins 
Carbs
Minerals
Water
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4
Q

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied through the diet

A

Essential nutrients

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5
Q

Water comprises __-__% of the bodies weight

A

70-75%

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6
Q

Functions of water (5)

A 
Transportation
Media for metabolic reactions
Thermoregulation
Lubricant
Gives cells their shape
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7
Q

The most highly consumed nutrient

Ratio?

A

Water

>2:1

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8
Q 
Average water daily consumption of (gal/day)
Swine
Cattle
Horses
Sheep
A

1.5-3
10-14
10-14
1-2

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9
Q

True or false: animals will die more quickly from lack of water than any other nutrient

A

True

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10
Q

Primary function is to provide energy

C,H, and O

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Energy content is measured in _____

Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C from 14 to 15

A

Calorie

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12
Q

1 kilocalorie = ____ calories

1megacalorie = ____ calories

A

1000

1 million

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13
Q

Energy content of carbohydrates

A

4.2 kcal/g

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14
Q

3 groups of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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15
Q

Monosaccharides are _____ sugars with ___-___ carbons

4 monosaccharides

A 
Simple sugars with 5-6 carbons 
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose/deoxyribose
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16
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides and what are they composed of?

A

Sucrose (glu+fru)
Lactose (glu+gal)
Maltose (glu+glu)

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17
Q

What are the 5 polysaccharides?

A 
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
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18
Q

Starch is bonded by what linkage?
Energy storage in _____
Primarily found in _________

A

Alpha 1-4
Plants
Concentrates

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19
Q

High-energy low fiber feedstuff that is highly digestible

Examples?

A

Concentrate

Corn, grain, sorghum, wheat

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20
Q

Glycogen:
_____ starch
Stored in _____ and _______

A

Animal

Liver and muscle

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21
Q 
Cellulose:
 Bonded by \_\_\_\_\_ linkage
Found in \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Highly or lowly digestible? 
Found primarily in \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Beta1-4 linkage
Cell wall of plants
Lowly digestible
Roughages

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22
Q

Hi fiber low energy feedstuff that is lowly digestible

Examples?

A

Roughage

Hay, pasture, silage

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23
Q

Bonded by both alpha and beta 1-4 linkages

A

Hemicellulose

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24
Q

Indigestible carbohydrate

A

Lignin

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25
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy source

Fiber content

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26
Q

Fiber content of carbohydrates functions

A

Laxative effect

Maintains healthy lining and muscle tone of digestive tract

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27
Q

Carbohydrate as an energy source:
Energy content =_____
_____ of dry matter may be carbohydrates

A

4.2 kcal/g

?

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28
Q

Fats/lipids are similar to carbohydrates with a lower proportion of elemental __

A

O (oxygen)

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29
Q

3 classifications of fats

A

Simple lipids
Compound lipids
Sterols

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30
Q

Simple lipids are also called _______

Composed of a _____ and _ ____ ____

A

Triglyceride

Glycerine and 3 fatty acids

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31
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A

Saturated

Unsaturated

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32
Q

Primarily long chain fatty acids

Form of fat

A

Saturated fatty acid

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33
Q

Short chain

Mainly in form of oils

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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34
Q

Dietary lipids can impact the physical characteristics of carcass fat especially in _____

A

Monogastrics

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35
Q

What are the 3 essential fatty acids? And their ratios?

A

Linoleic (18:2)
Linolenic (18:3)
Arachidonic (20:4)

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36
Q

What are the 3 compound lipids?

A

Glycolipids
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids

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37
Q

3 different forms of sterols

A

Cholesterol
Steroid hormones
Vitamin precursors (vitamin D)

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38
Q

Sterols are vitamin precursors for which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

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39
Q

Steroid hormones formed by sterols?

A

Estrogen and testosterone

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40
Q

Involve in membrane structure and a precursor for other compounds

A

Cholesterol

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41
Q

Primary function is to provide building blocks for animal proteins
CHONS

A

Proteins

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42
Q

Basic unit of protein is the ____ ____

A

Amino acid

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43
Q

Essential proteins (MATT HILL VP)

A 
Methionine                   Valine
Argenine                       Phenylalanine 
Tryptophan
Threonine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
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44
Q

Semi essential proteins (3)

A

Glycine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

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45
Q

Non essential proteins

A 
Alanine
Glutamine
Serine
Proline
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
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46
Q

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by ____ ____

A

Peptide bonds

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47
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Structure
Regulation and protection
Energy

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48
Q

Energy content of protein

A

~4kcal/g

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49
Q

Structure by proteins:
__-__ % of dry, fat free body is protein
Structure provided in 4 areas

A

70-80%

Muscle, hair, feather, cell wall

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50
Q

Proteins regulate and protect what 4 things

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Hemoglobin

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51
Q

Protein quality is determined by what?

A

The ability of the animal to digest and utilize the protein

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52
Q

Crude protein of feedstuffs is calculated based on ______ content

A

Nitrogen

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53
Q

Proteins contain about ___% nitrogen

A

16%

100/16=6.25

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54
Q

% crude protein =

Feedstuffs with 4% N equates to ___ crude protein

A

%N x 6.25

4% N x 6.25= 25% CP

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55
Q

Ex urea, uric acid
Urea is __% N
Chicken litter is __% CP

A

Non protein Nitrogen

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56
Q

______ cannot use non protein nitrogen forms, but the micro organisms in the _____ can

A

Mammals

Rumen

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57
Q

Is excess urea toxic?
____ dietary N from urea
____% of total diet

A

Yes

<1%

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58
Q

Large organic molecules needed in small amounts by animals

2 categories

A

Vitamins

Fat soluble and water soluble

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59
Q

Fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

ADEK

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60
Q

Water soluble vitamins (10)

A

Thiamin (B1). Folic acid
Biotin. Pantothenic acid
Choline. Vitamin C
Niacin
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Riboflavin (B2)
Pyridoxine (B6)

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61
Q

Monogastrics require ___ vitamins

Ruminants requires ___ except for ____

A

All

Fat soluble except for vitamin K

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62
Q

Functions of vitamins (2)

A

Metabolism

Absorption and digestion

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63
Q

Functions of vitamins in metabolism (2)

A

Cofactors and coenzymes

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64
Q

Vitamin important in maintaining body linings

65
Q

Vitamin that helps blood clotting factor

66
Q

Vitamin that prevents white muscle disease

67
Q

Vitamin that aids in bone metabolism

68
Q

Chemical elements other than CHO and N needed for metabolism

69
Q

Macro minerals (7)

A

Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, S

70
Q

Micro(trace) minerals

A

Cr, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Zn

F, Mb, Se

71
Q

Functions of minerals (5)

A 
Structure 
Metabolism
Fluid balance
Part of other compounds
Nerve and muscle function
72
Q

Minerals: structure

Ca and P for _____ _____

A

Bone growth

73
Q

Minerals: metabolism
Mineral ___: cofactors or coenzymes
Mineral ___: energy storage

74
Q

Minerals: acid/base fluid balance

Na, K, and Cl responsible for ______ ______

A

Osmotic pressure

75
Q

Minerals: part of other compounds
Cobalt:__
Iodine:__
Iron: __

A

Vitamin B12
Thyroid fxn
Hemoglobin and myoglobin

76
Q

Minerals: nerve and muscle function

Which minerals responsible?(5)

A

Ca, Mg, Na, K, CL

77
Q

2 categories of feedstuffs

A

Concentrates and Roughages

78
Q

Concentrates
___ in fiber, ___ in energy
3 main kinds

A

Low/high

Cereal grains, oil seeds, by-products

79
Q 
Concentrates: cereal grains
Excellent source of \_\_\_\_
Moderate to low in \_\_\_\_
Poor \_\_ and \_\_\_ source
Moderate source of \_\_
Examples
A 
Energy
Protein
Ca and Vit A
P
Ex. Corn, oats, barley rye, triticale, wheat, sorghum
80
Q 
Concentrates: oil seeds 
Outstanding \_\_\_\_\_ source
Good source of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_
Fair to low in \_\_
Poor source of \_\_\_
Examples
A 
Protein
Energy and P
Ca
Vit 
Ex. Soybean, cottonseed, linseed
81
Q

Concentrates: By-products

Examples

A 
Dried beet/citrus pulp
Molasses
Dried bakers waste
Whey products
Animal fat
Chicken litter
82
Q

Roughages:
___ in energy, ___ in fiber
3 main kinds

A

Low/high

Legumes, grasses, forms (pasture, hay, silage and haylage)

83
Q 
Roughages: legumes
\_\_\_\_\_ fixing
High in \_\_\_\_
Moderate to low in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Good \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ source
Moderate source of \_\_\_
Examples
A 
Nitrogen
Protein
Energy
Ca and Vit A
P
Ex. Clovers and alfalfa
84
Q 
Roughages: grasses
Low in \_\_\_\_\_
Moderate to low in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Good source of \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Moderate to low in \_\_
Examples
A 
Energy
Protein
Ca and Vit A
P
Ex. Bermudagrass, bahiagrass, fescue
85
Q

Roughages: ________

The feed is harvested by the animals themselves

86
Q

Roughages: _______

Roughage is cut, airdried, baled, and stored

87
Q

Roughages: _______ and _______
Roughage is cut and stored wet to cause fermentation
Fermentation causes pH reduction that results in preservation of roughage

A

Silage and haylage

88
Q

Separation of feed components into groups based on their feeding value
6 components

A 
Proximate analysis 
Moisture (watee)
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Nitrogen free extract
Ash
89
Q

The amount of a nutrient absorbed in the digestive tract
Difference in nutrient content between ______ and _____
Formula?

A

Digestibility
Intake and excretion
(Nutrient in feed-nutrient in feces)/(nutrient in feed) x 100%

90
Q

Which nutrients contribute to the energy content of feeds?(3)

A

Carbs, fats, and proteins

91
Q

Two methods to estimate the energy content of feeds

A

Total digestible nutrients

Metabolizable energy and net energy

92
Q

Total digestible nutrients (TDN)
Based on _____ _____ and ______ measures for a feed
Formula?

A

Proximate analysis and digestibility

%digestible protein+%digstible fat (x2.25)+ %digestible crude fiber+ %digestible NFE

93
Q

Factors that influence TDN (4)

A

Dry matter content
Nutrient digestibility
Ash content
Fat content

94
Q

Nutrients for most livestock are provided from a mixture of multiple feedstuffs called a _____

95
Q 
Maintenance requirements (3)
Based on \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Maintain tissue balance of the animal (no gain and no loss)
Provide adequate energy for normal activity
Replace nutrients lost through basal metabolism
Size and metabolic weight

96
Q

Metabolic weight =

A

(Body weight)^.75

97
Q

About _____ nutrients fed to livestock are used for maintenance requirements
Feedlot situation: ___-___%
Mature breeding animal: ___%

A

Half
30-40%
>85

98
Q

Nutrients provided in excess of maintenance requirements can be used for _______

A

Production

99
Q

Nutrient utilization for production (4)

A

Growth
Reproduction
Milk/wool production
Work

100
Q

Nutrient utilization for production:_____

Need building blocks to make new tissue sand energy for constructing them (skeletal and muscle growth)

101
Q

Nutrient utilization for production: reproduction

Nutrients needed for _______ ______ and ______ _____

A

Gamete production

Fetal growth

102
Q

Nutrient utilization for production:milk/wool production

High producing dairy cow may require nutrient intakes __-__ times maintenance requirements

103
Q

Simple stomached animals usually with an acid environment

Examples

A

Monogastrics

Pig, horse, chicken, human

104
Q

Component functions of monogastrics (5)

A 
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
105
Q 
Salivation 
Adds \_\_\_\_\_\_ to food using \_\_\_\_\_
Lubricates using \_\_\_\_\_
Source of enzymes using \_\_\_\_\_
Bicarbonate salts using - \_\_\_\_\_
A

Moisture/ h2o
Mucin
Amylase
HCO4

106
Q

Passageway for food from mouth to stomach

_____ for monogastrics

A

Esophagus

One way

107
Q

Storage and digestion of food

_____ _____ cause physical breakdown

A

Stomach

Muscle contractions

108
Q

Lowers pH of stomach
Kills most bacteria
Activates enzymes by breaking proteins

109
Q

Normal pH of stomach

110
Q

Pepsin = ____ + ____

A

Pepsinogen + HCl

111
Q

Enzymes in stomach (3)

A

Pepsin
Rennin
Limited lipase activity

112
Q

Enzyme responsible for protein degradation

113
Q

Enzyme that coagulates milk protein

114
Q

Feed mixture moves to small intestine as ______

115
Q

Main point of digestion and absorption in monogastrics

A

Small intestine

116
Q

3 sections of small intestine (first to last)

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

117
Q

Digestion in small intestine
Polypeptides—>____
Starch —> ____
Lipids—> ____

A

Amino acids
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids

118
Q

Digestive organs associated with small intestine (3)

A

Gall bladder
Bile
Pancreas

119
Q

Secretes bile produced in the liver

A

Gall bladder

120
Q

Encapsulates and degrades fats

121
Q

Secretes enzymes into ______ to breakdown macromolecules

A

Duodenum

Pancreas

122
Q

The pancreas also secretes ______ and ______ to control blood ______ levels

A

Insulin and glucagon

Glucose

123
Q

Enzyme that breaks down starches and carbohydrates

124
Q

Once feed has been digested into _____, ______, and ______ in the small intestine, it is absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids

125
Q

Metabolizes travel to ____ and are further metabolized or detoxified if harmful

126
Q

3 parts of large intestine in monogastric

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

127
Q

Blind end of anterior large intestine
Important in ______ as a site of microbial digestion
Microbes digest _____ and produce _____ ______ _____ such as ____,____,and _____

A

Cecum
Horses
Cellulose/volatile fatty acids/acetate, proprionate, and butyrate

128
Q

Major site of water absorption in monogastrics

129
Q

Expels material out of body in monogastrics

130
Q

Ruminant:
__ footed, ___ toed, ____ chewing animals which have a stomach consisting of ___ divisions or chambers: the ____,____,_____,____
______ fermenters
Examples

A 
Four
Even
Cud
4
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
Foregut fermenters
Cattle, sheep, deer, goat, buffalo
131
Q

In ruminants. Nearly _/_abdominal cavity on entire ____ side

132
Q

Segments of ruminant digestive system (6)

A 
Mouth
Esophagus
Rumen
Reticulum 
Omasum
Abomasum
133
Q

Cattle have no ____ ____ teeth or dental pad

134
Q

Sheep have flexible ____ which allows them to graze ____ to the ground

A

Lips

Closer

135
Q

Ruminant tongue has long _____ for wrapping around grass

136
Q

In ruminants, saliva has no ____ and is only used as a _____

A

Enzymes

Lubricant

137
Q

Esophagus: passageway for feed from ____ to ____-_____ or from ____-____ to ____

A

Mouth to reticulo-rumen

Reticulo-rumen to mouth

138
Q

What is the term for the organ responsible for gathering food?

A

Organ of prehension

139
Q 
Rumen:
Aerobic or anaerobic?
Vat (cow ~\_\_ gallons)
\_\_% of stomach capacity
Major site of \_\_\_\_\_
A

Anaerobic
40 gallons
60%
Fermentation

140
Q

Rumen contents:
___ to ___ bacteria/mL
Up to ___ Protozoa/mL

A

10^9 to 10^10

10^6

141
Q

____ relationship between bacteria and rumen

142
Q

PH of rumen is ___

143
Q

Papillae
For ____
Inside ____ wall
Increase ____ ____ to help with absorption
Metabolize ____ into volatile fatty acids

A

Absorption
Rumen
Surface area
Glucose

144
Q

Compounds that buffer the pH of the rumen

A

Ionophores

145
Q

Front of stomach right below esophagus
____ particles stay
____ particles —> rumen

A

Reticulum
Heavy
Light

146
Q

Water absorption
Sorting
Leaves of a book

147
Q

Glandular stomach of rumen
Secretes ___ and ____
Also secretes ____ which allows animal to digest microbes
Equivalent to the human _____

A

Abomasum
HCl and pepsin
Lysozyme
Stomach

148
Q

Ruminant babies = monogastrics

Have _______ _______ which allows milk to pass directly to _________

A

Esophageal groove

Abomasum

149
Q

Rumen inoculation occurs via maternal _____ and ______

A

Grooming and contact

150
Q

Organisms live together to benefit both

151
Q

Advantages for microbes in symbiotic relationship with ruminant

A

Home
Steady food supply
Anaerobic environment

152
Q

Advantages for ruminant I’m symbiotic relationship with microbes

A

Protein
Vitamins
Ability to eat forages

153
Q

Regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum followed by remastication and reswallowing

A

Cud chewing

154
Q

Also known as belching
Cattle produce __-__ L/hr gas production (CH4)
Removal to prevent _____

A

Eructation
30-50 L
Bloating

155
Q

Ruminant nutrition: cellulose
______ linkage ____ chains
Require _____ (enzyme) to break down

A

Beta 1-4 linkage
Glucose
Cellulase

156
Q

Ruminant nutrition: rumen microbes
Have ______ activity
Produce ____ _____ _____ as they breakdown cellulose

A

Cellulase

Volatile fatty acids

157
Q

Volatile fatty acids are absorbed mostly in the _____ and some in the _____
Travel through portal blood to ______
Liver converts acid to ______
Available for _____ ____ ______

A 
Rumen
Omasum
Liver
Glucose
Fatty acid synthesis
158
Q

Dietary protein:
May be digested by _____
Can use “coatings” to ______ the rumen

A

Microbes

Bypass

159
Q

NPN:

Microbes make _____ (NPN+_____)

A

Protein

CHO

160
Q

Ruminants require vitamins __,__, and ___ (sunshine)

Don’t require _____ or vitamin __

A

A,E,D

b vitamins or vitamin K

Animal Science (4 decks)

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