Genetics

Question 1

What is Genotype?

Answer 1

• actual gene content of an individual
• Uses letters to represent

Question 2

What is Phenotype?

Answer 2

• Physical manifestation of a trait
• Uses words to represent

Question 3

What is an Allele?

Answer 3

• Could be dominant or recessive
• Alternative form of a gene

Question 4

What is Homozygous?

Answer 4

• Two identical alleles for a trait

Question 5

What is Heterozygous?

Answer 5

• Having one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait

Question 6

What is Dihybrid?

Answer 6

Phenotypic Ratio: 9/16 Both traits dominant

3/16 One dominant and two recessive traits

3/16 One recessive and two dominant traits

1/16 Both traits recessive

Question 7

What is a Homologous Chromosome?

Answer 7

• 23 pairs
• Get them from parents
• Same size, shape, and carry the same genes

Question 8

What is Crossing Over?

Answer 8

• Prophase 1 of Meiosis
• Exchanges genetic material
• Variety

Question 9

What is Crossing Over?

Answer 9

• Prophase 1 of Meiosis
• Exchanges genetic material
• Variety

Question 10

What is a Dominant Allele?

Answer 10

• decription of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait​

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• uses a capital letter

Question 11

What is a Recessive Allele?

Answer 11

• description of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to be the affecting a trait
• uses lower case letters

Question 12

What is a Monohybrid Cross?

Answer 12

• mating of 2 organisms that differ in only one character
• involves 1 trait
• 3:1 ratio

Question 13

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

Answer 13

• one of the matching pairs of chromosomes
• one inherited form each parent
• 23 pairs

Question 14

What is Crossing Over?

Answer 14

• exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
• happens during Prophase 1
• benefit: Variety

Question 15

What is Independent Assortment?

Answer 15

• Random segregation and assortmenr of chromosomes in Metaphase 1

Question 16

What is Eugenics?

Answer 16

• selective breeding of humans

Question 17

What is Incomplete Dominance?

Answer 17

• type of inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele

Question 18

What is Pedigree?

Answer 18

• Family tree that records and traces the occurance of a trait through a family

Question 19

• What is Karyotope?

Answer 19

• display of a person’s 46 chromosomes
• lined up in pairs

Question 20

What is a Sex-Linked Trait?

Answer 20

• gene located in the sex chromosome
• ex. fruit fly eye color, hemophilia, and color blindness

Question 21

What is a Mutation?

Answer 21

• any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 22

What is a Clone?

Answer 22

• a population of identical cells that devrive from the same ancestral line

Question 23

What do the Genetic Symbols stand for?

Answer 23

• **P₁- **_{Parent 1}
• P_2- Parent 2
• F_{1-First generation offspring}
• F_2- Second generation offspring

Question 24

What are the steps in DNA Extraction?

Answer 24

• cells are collected
• cells are broken open
• membrenes are broken
• DNA is soluable in H₂0 and ethanol is added and DNA is recipitate

Question 25

What is Meiosis?

Answer 25

* **Purpose- **to create haploid cells fro sexual reproduction * **Where-** In animals- ovaries, testes In angerosperms- flower In gymnosperms- cones in non- seed plants- sporangia

Question 26

What happens in Interphase 1?

Answer 26

* G₁ * S * G₂

Question 27

What happens in Prophase 2?

Answer 27

* Has 2 cells * Nuclear Membranes and Nucleoli disappear * Spindle fibers and duplicated chromosomes appear

Question 28

What happens in Metaphase 1?

Answer 28

* Homologous moves to the equator in pairs * Independent Assortment occurs

Question 29

What happens in Anaphase 1?

Answer 29

* Homologous chromosoms move to the opposite poles

Question 30

What happens in Telophase 1?

Answer 30

* has 2 cells * HAPLOID CELLS, BUT HAVE DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES * nuclear membranes and nucleolus dissapear * spindle fibers disappear

Question 31

What happens in Metaphase 2?

Answer 31

* Duplicated chromosomes move to the equator, in each cell * Non-identical chromatids are on either side of the plate

Question 32

What happens in Telophase 2?

Answer 32

* 4 Cells are created * are haploid with undiplicated chromosomes * Nuclear membranes annd Nucleoli reappear * Spindle fibers disappear * DNA changes to chromatin

Question 33

What happens in Anaphase 2?

Answer 33

* Non-sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of each cell

Question 34

What happens in Interphase 1?

Answer 34

* G_1- cell enlarges * S- DNA replication * G_2- organelles duplicates

Question 35

What happens in Prophase 1?

Answer 35

* Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear * Spindde fibers and duplicated chromosomes appear

Question 36

Number of alleles per trait?

Answer 36

* Parent- 2 of every letter * Offspring- 2 of every letter * Gametes- 1 of every letter

Question 37

What is DNA Fingerprinting?

Answer 37

* DNA is collected * enzymes chop DNA into fragments * Fragments are loaded into arargose gel * DNA is negatively charged