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genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dominant allele

A

most visible winning trait

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2
Q

recessive allele

A

less visible, smaller trait

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3
Q

homozygous

A

the same two identical alleles (TT, tt)

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4
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles

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5
Q

mendels 3 laws

A

law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment

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6
Q

co dominance

A

2 dominant alleles being expressed at the same time (ex: red and white flower becomes a Red and white colored flower)

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7
Q

incomplete dominance

A

two different alleles caused by a blending of color different from both parents (ex: red and white flower forms a pink flower)

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8
Q

what are body cells known as and how many chromosomes/pairs are there

A

somatic cells have 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

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9
Q

what are sex cells known as and how many chromosomes are there

A

gametes have 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

cytosine always links to

A

guanine

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11
Q

adenile will always think to

A

thymine

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12
Q

the rungs of the ladder are made of of

A

2 nucleotides

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13
Q

the sides of the ladders are made up of

A

sugar phosphate back bone

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14
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

RNA: 1 strand, ribose sugars, no thymine or uracils

DNA: 2 strands, deoxyribose sugars, thymine

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15
Q

transcription

A

mRNA (messenger RNA) is a script using only one strand of DNA

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16
Q

translation

A

Rrna (reads/translate MRNA script)

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17
Q

DNA replication

A

replacation - exact duplication of genetics material before cell divison (double strand DNA unwinds and unzips between weak bonds, helicase get involved with the replavtion)

18
Q

transcription vs translations are known as

A

proteins synthesis

19
Q

the steps for transcriptions

A
  1. DNA unzips and splits
  2. one stand of DNA (template strand) is used to translate/write MRNA
  3. MRNNA leaves the nucleus to the ribosomes
20
Q

steps for translations

A
  1. RRNA reads/translates the code for MRNA
  2. tRNA brings RNA down to the correct amino acids
  3. amino acids are put together by dehydration synthesis w peptide bonds
21
Q

mutation

A

a sudden change in the structure for genetics material

22
Q

mutations are usually (effects of mutations)

A

harmful, have no effect, or beneficial

23
Q

environmental causes of mutation (mutagens)

A

mutagen such as ultra Violet light cause nuclear radiation chemicals that can damage the DNA

24
Q

what do carcinogens to
(key word: carcin)

A

cause cancer

25
Q

what do formaldehyde do (key word: forma)

A

a fluid to display hearts/other iems

26
Q

chromosomal mutation

A

permanent changes in a chromosome

27
Q

gene mutation

A

a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait

28
Q

point mutation examples

A

substitution, addition, deletion

29
Q

sickle cell amenia

A

a crescent shape blood cell that has no oxygen if you have it

30
Q

frameshift mutation

A

when more thann one codon is being effected by the mutation

31
Q

deletion mutation

A

one nucleotide is missing/destroyd

32
Q

addition mutation

A

nucleotides are added (worse than deletion)

33
Q

nondisjunction

A

when chromosomes don’t seperate correctly (lack of chromosome/extra chromosome) for example: down syndrome, turner syndrome, Kline filter syndrome)

34
Q

selection breeding

A

selecting the most desirable traits in an organism to mate

35
Q

inbreeding

A

mating with look alike individuals to obtain desired characteristics

36
Q

genetic engineering examples

A

gel electrophorseis, inbreeding/selection, cloning

37
Q

restriction enzymes

A

a genetic scissor that cuts DNA into fragments

38
Q

plasmids

A

ring shapes DNA from bacteria used to join fragments together to from a recombination dna

39
Q

recombinant DNA

A

a mixture of DNA from two or more different organisms

40
Q

genomes

A

all the genes possessed by an organism

41
Q

clone

A

a large number of cells grown from a single cell can be a result from asexual reproduction

42
Q
A

biology (5 decks)

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