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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

Creates two diploid cells

G1: rapid growth and cell activity
S: DNA synthesis
G2: cell prepares for division
M: mitosis
C: cytokinesis

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2
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Prophase: chromosomes coil up and take shape, centrioles move to opposite poles and send out microtubules
Metaphase: chromosomes align themselves along the equatorial plate of the cell
Anaphase: chromosomes split at the centromere and separate (spindle fibers contract) to opposite poles
Telophase: chromosomes start to uncoil and decondense, cleavage furrow forms near center of the cell, one cell becomes two
Cytokinesis: cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells with identical chromosomes in their nucleus

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3
Q

Karyotype

A

Look at all of your chromosomes

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

Creates four haploid cells, just mitosis twice

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5
Q

Gametogenesis

A

production of sex cells through meiosis

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6
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-Meiosis in males
-250 million sperm a day
-occurs from puberty to death

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7
Q

Oogenesis

A

-meiosis in females
-starts before birth but pauses in meiosis 1 before the cells divide and resumes in puberty
-produces one egg and three polar bodies to support a zygote after fertilization

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8
Q

Congenital disorders

A

-clinical problems visible at birth are congenital defects
-they are caused by mutations in genes or environmental agents (alcohol abuse, viruses e.g. measles)

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9
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes or tetrads to separate properly during anaphase

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10
Q

Down syndrome

A

3 copies of chromosome 21

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11
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A

Infertile male XXY

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12
Q

Triple x

A

Infertile female XXX

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13
Q

Jacobs syndrome

A

Masculine and steric XYY

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14
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Underdeveloped female X

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15
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Used pea plants to study genetics, heredity, and variation

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16
Q

Anton Van Leewenhoek

A

Believed that there were miniature people in sperm

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17
Q

19th century British theory

A

red plant + white plant = pink plant

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18
Q

Charles Darwin

A

offspring have variations of parental characteristics

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19
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation, so different traits are inherited independently of each other

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20
Q

Law of segregation

A

hen any individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy of a gene and therefore only one allele for all possible traits

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21
Q

Ideal ratio of alleles

A

9:3:3:1

22
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

either trait is dominant or recessive, a heterozygous individual is a blend of both traits
eg. red + white = pink

23
Q

Codominance

A

both phenotypes are expressed
eg. spotted cow

24
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

-decrease the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.
-Blood cells become hard and irregularly shaped, they get clogged in small vessels and do not deliver oxygen to tissues.
-These people are immune to malaria

25
Q

Type O blood

A

universal donor because it has no antigens

26
Q

Type A, B and AB

A

have antigens for themselves

27
Q

Hemophilia

A

condition that affects the body’s ability to produce proteins that clot blood. (x-linked recessive)

28
Q

X-linked diseases

A

red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

29
Q

Barr bodies

A

-inactive X chromosome
-in females only one X chromosome is functioning

30
Q

Autosomal

A

-not x or y linked
- eg. albinism, tay sachs, cystic fibrosis

31
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction: an enzyme that copies DNA (archaea). It moves along the DNA and creates complementary nucleotides.
used for fingerprinting

32
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

clear jello with pores that DNA travels through towards the positive end to separate the sizes of DNA

33
Q

Friedrich Miescher

A

isolated nuclein (RNA and DNA) from nucleus

34
Q

Phoebe Levine

A

identified four bases of DNA

35
Q

Linus Pauling

A

chromosomes were hereditary material

36
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

experiments on pneumonia by heat-treating and killed them

37
Q

Oswald Avery

A

discovered nucleic acids exchanging

38
Q

Chargaffs Rule

A

always have Adenine and Thymine at the same ratio, and Cytosine and Guanine

39
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

x-ray crystallography, photographed first double helix

40
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

Stole Franklins photo

41
Q

RNA

A

has uracil and adenine (instead of thymine)

42
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine
Purines: adenine, guanine

43
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA has one more oxygen

44
Q

Nucleotide contains

A

-phosphate group
-5-carbon sugar (ribose and deoxyribose)
-nitrogenous base (pyrimidines and purines)

45
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Backbone: phosphates and deoxyribose sugar
Teeth: nitrogenous bases

46
Q

Thymine and cytosine

A

-one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
-TWO HYDROGEN BONDS

47
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

what the mitochondria makes

48
Q

Adenine and guanine

A

-two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms (guanine GOT the oxygen)
-THREE HYDROGEN BONDS

49
Q

Types of chromosomal mutations

A
  1. Deletion (missing a section)
  2. Duplication (copy a section twice)
  3. Inversion (DNA put back in backwards)
  4. Translocation (moved to different spot on chromosome)
  5. Nondisjunction
50
Q

Point mutation

A

Affects a single base pair by substitution from another
1. Nonsense mutations: code for a stop that can translate the protein
2. Missense mutations: code for a different amino acid
3. Silent mutations: code for the same amino acid

51
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Entire code shifts forward or backward. (genes are read in threes)
1. Insert a new nucleotide into the chain
2. Remove one nucleotide into the chain (forwards)

52
Q

Causes of mutations

A

Physical: radiation from UV rays, x-rays, or extreme heat

Chemical: molecules misplace base pairs or disrupt helical shape of DNA, drugs

Biology (5 decks)

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