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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 processes of evolution

A
  1. Variation within a species
  2. Reproduction
  3. Selection
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2
Q

Environmental challenges that limit the ability to survive

A

Weather
Famine
Competition (food, space, mating)

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3
Q

Coevolution

A

Evolving in conduction with another species. eg. special moth that is the only one who can get snapdragon nectar

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4
Q

Buttesian Mimicry

A

Harmless species looks like a harmful one. eg. fly that looks like a bee

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5
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Two harmless species look similar

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6
Q

Peppered moth

A

Variation to adaptation, lichen was covered in soot and died, so the white moth lost its camouflage and went extinct during Industrial Revolution

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7
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans choose the traits that are passed on. eg. wolf eventually became the chihuahua

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8
Q

Age of the Earth

A

4.56 billion years old

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9
Q

How was life created?

A
  1. Extraterrestrial (panspermia) from comets and meteorites
  2. On-Earth assembly (hydrothermal vents) chemical reactions that result in the building blocks for life
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10
Q

Primordial Soup

A

Contains all the nutrients necessary for life

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11
Q

Urey-Miller Experiment

A

Made primordial soup and came out with formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, amino acids, urea

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12
Q

Orion Nebula

A

Area with the highest potential for life, where the asteroids with the interesting molecules come from

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13
Q

Murchison Meteorite

A

Collided with Australia, contained all the building blocks for life

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14
Q

Life on other planets

A

Mars: had flowing rivers (now frozen)
Europa (Jupiters moon): has flowing rivers under ice

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15
Q

Deep-sea thermal vents

A

Contains sulfur (holds proteins together) and chemotrophs (white smokers)

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16
Q

LUCA

A

hypothesized universal ancestral cell with all the genes

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17
Q

Oldest known fossil

A

ancient prokaryotes from Western Australia (filamentous cyanobacteria), 3.5 billion years ago

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18
Q

Cyanobacteria/Stromatolite Fossils

A

Killed 99% of organisms on the planet because they were obligate anaerobes

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19
Q

Cambrian Explosion and why

A

When eukaryotic life exploded because of
-Increasing oxygen
-Snowball Earth: Melting of the ice age dripped nutrients into the ocean (2.7 billion year ago)
-Evolution of sexual reproduction and diversification and rapid change

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20
Q

Aristotle

A

Scale of increasing complexity

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21
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Binomial nomenclature

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22
Q

Geoges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

A

-Pushed back age of the Earth
-Found similarities between apes and humans

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23
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Catastrophism

24
Q

James Hutton

A

Gradualism

25
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism

26
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

-use and disuse
-giraffe theory
-inheritance

27
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-natural selection
-finches
-biogeography

28
Q

Proofs to natural selection

A
  1. Fossil records/extinctions
  2. Biogeography
  3. Anatomy
  4. Embryonic development
  5. Biochemical/DNA analysis
29
Q

Cytochrome C

A

a protein in the mitochondria with a long sequence, eg. ours is exactly the same as a chimpanzee. Prove the existence of archaea

30
Q

Macroevolution

A

formation of a new species

31
Q

Microevolution

A

change of gene pool of a population over time

32
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

when things stay constant over time, ratio of dominant to recessive alleles stays constant

33
Q

Disturbing factors of equilibrium

A
  1. small population
  2. natural selection
  3. mutations
  4. immigration/emigration
  5. horizontal gene transfer
34
Q

Mechanisms of evolution

A
  1. genetic drift
  2. non-random mating
  3. genetic mutations
  4. migration
  5. natural selection
35
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

catastrophic event that drastically reduces size of population but it recovers afterwards, small amount of alleles survived

36
Q

Founder effect

A

a few individuals from a large population leave and establish a new population, new allele frequencies will not be same as original population (finches)

37
Q

Types of natural selection

A
  1. Stabilizing selection
  2. Directional selection
  3. Disruptive selection
38
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Males and females have different traits for mating purposes (peacocks)

39
Q

Sexual selection

A

Traits to attract the opposite sex

40
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  1. ecological isolation
  2. temporal isolation
  3. behavioural isolation
  4. mechanical isolation
  5. gametic isolation
41
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  1. zygotic mortality
  2. hybrid inviability
  3. hybrid infertility
42
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

evolution of populations within the same geographic area into separate species

43
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

evolution of populations into separate species because of geographical isolation

44
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a species eventually resulting in the formation of a new species. Occurs when a species colonizes a new environment (finches) or by survivors after a massive extinction (dinosaurs)

45
Q

Uranium dating

A

goes further back than carbon dating

46
Q

Molecular evolution

A

comparing genomic differences, chromosomes patterns, DNA/protein sequences

47
Q

Australopithecus

A

-4 MYA
-ape and human like
-small brain, ape-like skull
-trees and land (jungle)
-lots of teeth
-big canines and jaw

48
Q

Homo

A

-2 MYA
-human-like
-land dwelling
-skull with capability for speech
-less teeth
-small jaw
-bigger skull

49
Q

Homo habilis

A

-1.5-2 MYA
-first tools
-cave dwellers
-jungle
-species stopped evolving

50
Q

Homo erectus

A

-1.6 MYA
-advanced tools
-fire
-complex society
-speech capable skull
-continued evolving

51
Q

Neanderthals

A

-35-100 TYA
-prominent brow
-short, compact body

52
Q

Cro Magnons

A

-35-40 TYA
-our direct ancestor

53
Q

Convergent evolution

A

two different species become more similar because of environment.
eg. sidewinder (mojave desert) and horned viper (middle east desert)

54
Q

Divergent evolution

A

species that were once similar diverge or become increasingly distinct

55
Q

Theories of evolution

A
  1. Gradualism: small and ongoing changes and processes, transitional species, explained by incomplete fossil records; intermediate forms were not preserved
  2. Punctuated equilibrium: rapid spurts of change following long periods of little or no change, species evolve rapidly, speciation in small isolated populations and transition species fossils are very rare
56
Q

Tiktaalik

A

-transitional species between ocean and land animals
-features similar to tetrapods

Biology (5 decks)

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