Biodiversity (excluding kingdoms) Flashcards
Characteristics of life
- Growth and development (change)
- Responsiveness (ability to feel, a reaction)
- DNA/heredity
- Homeostasis (maintain and regulate itself)
- Reproduction (asexual or sexual)
- Metabolism (convert fuel to energy)
- Composed of cells
- Maybe: Evolution (still in discussion)
Species
group that can interbreed naturally (in the wild)
Subspecies
change over time due to interbreeding and inbreeding, they eventually become an entirely different species
eg. rat snakes split geographically into 5 regions
Threats to biodiversity
-Invasive species
-Pollution
-Habitat destruction
-Climate change
-overexploitation/ overconsumption
High diversity benefits
-better against disease
-climate extremes
-pests
eg. Ottawa ash trees
Structural diversity
many habitat options of different shapes and sizes, including microhabitats
Monoculture
All one species
Loss of biodiversity
-Threatens food supply
-Eliminates medicine
-Affects economy (tourism and forestry)
-Disrupts biogeochemical cycles
E.O. Wilson
thinks that 50% of the Earth must be conserved and untouched for humans to survive. He also thinks that the Earth is going extinct 10, 000 times faster with humans than if humans had not existed.
7 taxons
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Modern taxonomy/phylogeny
uses evolutionary relationships. They share common ancestry if they show similar stages of embryological development and anatomical structure.
Most diverse kingdoms
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Protista
- Fungi
Phylogenetics
reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms
Clade
a taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
Cladistics
the principles that guide the production of phylogenetic trees (cladograms)
Types of taxonomy
Traditional classification: group species by morphological (physical) characteristics
Phylogenetic analyses: group species by evolutionary relatedness
Viruses
Small, infectious, non-living, non-cellular particles, no cytoplasm
Helical
Rod-like with capsid proteins
Icosahedral
Many sides, usually 20 sides, 12 corners
RNA viruses
HIV, flu, rabies, SARS
DNA viruses
chickenpox, hepatitis, tumors
Bacteriophage
Attacks viruses
Lytic cycle
- Attachment
- Injection
- Replication
- Assembly
- Release
-Virus enters, replicates, bursts and destroys
eg. flu
Lysogenic cycle
- Attachment
- Injection
- Integration to DNA
- Dormancy
- Lytic cycle
-Virus becomes a part of your genetics, goes dormant, and then cannot be eradicated
eg. hepatitis
Pathogenic
disease causing bacteria
Antibiotics
either punch holes in bacteria OR prevent the bacteria from reproducing, produced naturally by fungus
Darwinian medicine
does not give medicine and forces body to fight itself
Superbug
antibiotic resistant bacteria
Uses for bacteria
-Food preparation: lactobacillus is used for pickles
-Bioremediation: cleaning up toxic chemicals from the environment
-Bioengineering: mass produce genes (like insulin)
bacteria vs. archaea
bacteria: gram positive, peptidogylcan
archaea: gram negative, no peptidoglycan
Asexual reproduction of archaea
- Binary fission (just like bacteria)
- Budding (baby grows off of mom and then separates)
- Fragmentation (when cut in half, it becomes two organisms)
Uses for archaea
-DNA analysis
-Disease analysis
-Toxic waste removal
-PCR (DNA fingerprints)
Endosymbiosis
how eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic (originally parasitic) relationships of prokaryotic cells (they live inside each other). This is how eukaryotes evolved from protists.
(does not explain multicellularity)
Endocytosis
cells are engulfed and digested as food
Origins of eukaryotic cells
-Endomembrane infolding forms the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
-Nucleus came first
-Mitochondria came second (endosymbiosis)
-Were prokaryotes until consumed
-Aerobic heterotroph
How eukaryotic came from prokaryotic
-membranes are similar to prokaryotes
-Ribosomes are similar to prokaryotes
Red algae
first multicellular life (1.2-1.5 BYA)
Alternation of generations
switching between haploid and diploid each generation
Life cycle of malaria
- Mosquito contracts malaria
- Infection spores from cyst in mosquitoes stomach goes to mosquitos salivary glands
- Reproduce sexually in salivary glands
- Mosquito injects malaria-infected saliva inside humans (does this to top blood clotting)
- The malaria’s swimming spores goes to the liver where it copies DNA repeatedly
- It infects red blood cells and hides from immune system
- Then it bursts and reproduces
Types of feeding for fungus
- parasitic
- predatory
- mutualistic
- saprobial
Haustoria
penetrates host’s cells without killing it (type of hyphae)
Reproduction of fungus
Asexual:
Fragmentation
Budding
Sexual:
Connect the hyphae and reproduce if compatible (same mating type)
Up to 1 trillion haploid spores
Life cycle of fungus
- Basidia form diploid nuclei
- Meiosis: four haploid nuclei are formed in the basidium
- Cell division: four basidiospores are formed
- Dispersal and germination
- Germination: mycelia form (positive and negative mating types)
- Plasmogamy: fusion between positive and negative mating types form a dikaryotic mycelium
- Mitosis: a basidiocarp forms
Stoned ape hypothesis
language developed from high homo erectus
Conifer life cycle
- Pollen and egg make the seed in cone
- Seeds fall out of cone
- New tree grows
Flowers
male: pollen
female: eggs, nectar
Body layers
Ectoderm: skin, nerve tissue
Mesoderm: muscle, blood
Endoderm: lungs, liver
Types of symmetry
- Asymmetric: zero symmetry
- Radial: symmetrical through any line that crosses through the central axis
- Bilateral: single line of symmetry with left and right side
Monotreme
lays eggs
