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Biology > Biodiversity (excluding kingdoms) > Flashcards

Biodiversity (excluding kingdoms) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of life

A
  1. Growth and development (change)
  2. Responsiveness (ability to feel, a reaction)
  3. DNA/heredity
  4. Homeostasis (maintain and regulate itself)
  5. Reproduction (asexual or sexual)
  6. Metabolism (convert fuel to energy)
  7. Composed of cells
  8. Maybe: Evolution (still in discussion)
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2
Q

Species

A

group that can interbreed naturally (in the wild)

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3
Q

Subspecies

A

change over time due to interbreeding and inbreeding, they eventually become an entirely different species
eg. rat snakes split geographically into 5 regions

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4
Q

Threats to biodiversity

A

-Invasive species
-Pollution
-Habitat destruction
-Climate change
-overexploitation/ overconsumption

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5
Q

High diversity benefits

A

-better against disease
-climate extremes
-pests
eg. Ottawa ash trees

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6
Q

Structural diversity

A

many habitat options of different shapes and sizes, including microhabitats

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7
Q

Monoculture

A

All one species

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8
Q

Loss of biodiversity

A

-Threatens food supply
-Eliminates medicine
-Affects economy (tourism and forestry)
-Disrupts biogeochemical cycles

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9
Q

E.O. Wilson

A

thinks that 50% of the Earth must be conserved and untouched for humans to survive. He also thinks that the Earth is going extinct 10, 000 times faster with humans than if humans had not existed.

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10
Q

7 taxons

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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11
Q

Modern taxonomy/phylogeny

A

uses evolutionary relationships. They share common ancestry if they show similar stages of embryological development and anatomical structure.

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12
Q

Most diverse kingdoms

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
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13
Q

Phylogenetics

A

reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms

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14
Q

Clade

A

a taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants

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15
Q

Cladistics

A

the principles that guide the production of phylogenetic trees (cladograms)

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16
Q

Types of taxonomy

A

Traditional classification: group species by morphological (physical) characteristics

Phylogenetic analyses: group species by evolutionary relatedness

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17
Q

Viruses

A

Small, infectious, non-living, non-cellular particles, no cytoplasm

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18
Q

Helical

A

Rod-like with capsid proteins

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19
Q

Icosahedral

A

Many sides, usually 20 sides, 12 corners

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20
Q

RNA viruses

A

HIV, flu, rabies, SARS

21
Q

DNA viruses

A

chickenpox, hepatitis, tumors

22
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Attacks viruses

23
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection
  3. Replication
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
    -Virus enters, replicates, bursts and destroys
    eg. flu
24
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Injection
  3. Integration to DNA
  4. Dormancy
  5. Lytic cycle
    -Virus becomes a part of your genetics, goes dormant, and then cannot be eradicated
    eg. hepatitis
25
Q

Pathogenic

A

disease causing bacteria

26
Q

Antibiotics

A

either punch holes in bacteria OR prevent the bacteria from reproducing, produced naturally by fungus

27
Q

Darwinian medicine

A

does not give medicine and forces body to fight itself

28
Q

Superbug

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria

29
Q

Uses for bacteria

A

-Food preparation: lactobacillus is used for pickles
-Bioremediation: cleaning up toxic chemicals from the environment
-Bioengineering: mass produce genes (like insulin)

30
Q

bacteria vs. archaea

A

bacteria: gram positive, peptidogylcan

archaea: gram negative, no peptidoglycan

31
Q

Asexual reproduction of archaea

A
  1. Binary fission (just like bacteria)
  2. Budding (baby grows off of mom and then separates)
  3. Fragmentation (when cut in half, it becomes two organisms)
32
Q

Uses for archaea

A

-DNA analysis
-Disease analysis
-Toxic waste removal
-PCR (DNA fingerprints)

33
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

how eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic (originally parasitic) relationships of prokaryotic cells (they live inside each other). This is how eukaryotes evolved from protists.
(does not explain multicellularity)

34
Q

Endocytosis

A

cells are engulfed and digested as food

35
Q

Origins of eukaryotic cells

A

-Endomembrane infolding forms the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
-Nucleus came first
-Mitochondria came second (endosymbiosis)
-Were prokaryotes until consumed
-Aerobic heterotroph

36
Q

How eukaryotic came from prokaryotic

A

-membranes are similar to prokaryotes
-Ribosomes are similar to prokaryotes

37
Q

Red algae

A

first multicellular life (1.2-1.5 BYA)

38
Q

Alternation of generations

A

switching between haploid and diploid each generation

39
Q

Life cycle of malaria

A
  1. Mosquito contracts malaria
  2. Infection spores from cyst in mosquitoes stomach goes to mosquitos salivary glands
  3. Reproduce sexually in salivary glands
  4. Mosquito injects malaria-infected saliva inside humans (does this to top blood clotting)
  5. The malaria’s swimming spores goes to the liver where it copies DNA repeatedly
  6. It infects red blood cells and hides from immune system
  7. Then it bursts and reproduces
40
Q

Types of feeding for fungus

A
  1. parasitic
  2. predatory
  3. mutualistic
  4. saprobial
41
Q

Haustoria

A

penetrates host’s cells without killing it (type of hyphae)

42
Q

Reproduction of fungus

A

Asexual:
Fragmentation
Budding

Sexual:
Connect the hyphae and reproduce if compatible (same mating type)
Up to 1 trillion haploid spores

43
Q

Life cycle of fungus

A
  1. Basidia form diploid nuclei
  2. Meiosis: four haploid nuclei are formed in the basidium
  3. Cell division: four basidiospores are formed
  4. Dispersal and germination
  5. Germination: mycelia form (positive and negative mating types)
  6. Plasmogamy: fusion between positive and negative mating types form a dikaryotic mycelium
  7. Mitosis: a basidiocarp forms
44
Q

Stoned ape hypothesis

A

language developed from high homo erectus

45
Q

Conifer life cycle

A
  1. Pollen and egg make the seed in cone
  2. Seeds fall out of cone
  3. New tree grows
46
Q

Flowers

A

male: pollen
female: eggs, nectar

47
Q

Body layers

A

Ectoderm: skin, nerve tissue
Mesoderm: muscle, blood
Endoderm: lungs, liver

48
Q

Types of symmetry

A
  1. Asymmetric: zero symmetry
  2. Radial: symmetrical through any line that crosses through the central axis
  3. Bilateral: single line of symmetry with left and right side
49
Q

Monotreme

A

lays eggs

Biology (5 decks)

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