Body Systems Flashcards
6 essential nutrients
- Water
- Carbohydrates (sugar and starch)
- Proteins
- Minerals (calcium, iron)
- Vitamins (vitamin D)
- Lipids (fats)
Organic molecules
Contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
4 macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
What are carbohydrates made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
Disaccharides: sucrose and lactose
Complex carbs
Polysaccharides: starch and glycogen
Cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Glycerol
3 carbon atoms, each attached to a fatty acid chain, half a glucose molecule
Triglycerides
Fat used for energy
Phospholipids
form cell membranes
eg. butter
Polypeptides
chains for hundreds of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
Hydrolysis
-A water molecule added to a macromolecule
-Breaks the chemical bonds that hold together the small molecules from which the macromolecules
Vitamins and purposes
-A-good vision, healthy skin and bones (fruits)
-B1- metabolizing carbohydrates, growth and muscle tone (beans)
-C-boosting immune system, healthy bones, teeth, gums and blood vessels (fruit)
-D-absorbing calcium, forming bone (fish)
-E-strengthening red blood cell membranes (fruit)
Minerals and purposes
-Calcium-forming bone, conducting nerve singlas, contracting muscles, clotting blood (dairy)
-Iron-producing hemoglobin (red meat)
-Magnesium-supporting enzyme functions, producing protein (dark, leafy greens)
-Potassium- conducting nerve signals, contracting muscle (grains)
-Sodium-conducting nerve signals balancing body fluids (salt)
Benefits of water
-Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
-Flushing toxins from the cells
-Lubricating tissues and joints
-Forming essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus
-Regulating body temperature (sweating)
-Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)
Intracellular digestion
Digestion inside the cell, phagocytosis - cell engulfs the food
Ex: single-celled organisms (paramecium, amoeba)
Extracellular digestion
Digestion outside the cells, food enters a tube and exits from the other end
Ex: most animals, human digestive tract
Mechanical digestion
The physical breakdown of large food into smaller ones. Achieved through chewing, mashing, chopping, breaking food into smaller pieces.
Chemical digestion
the chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
What does fat decompose to
fatty acids and glycerol
What do proteins break into
amino acids
What do carbs break into
polysaccharides break down to monosaccharides
What breaks down carbs, proteins, and lipids
Carbohydrates, proteinases, lipases
Ingestion
taking in food
Digestion
breaking down foods nutrients
Absorption
cells taking in nutrients
Egestion
removing leftover waste
Steps of digestion
- bolus goes to pharynx
- passes epiglottis and goes down esophagus using peristalsis
- passes through lower esophageal sphincter
- rugae churns the bolus and it mixes with gastric juice
- stomach absorbs nutrients and chyme passes through pyloric sphincter
- goes to duodenum
- pancreas neutralizes chymes acidity and jejunum absorbs nutrients
- Ileum compacts the waste
- goes through caecum
- colon absorbs water and hardens poop
- goes to rectum and gets shaped
- anal sphincter loosens and it passes through the anus
Purpose of the liver
-most of glycogen is stored here, vitamins A, D, E, K, detoxifies poisons that are ingested
-makes bile (lots of lipases) that enters through the bile duct
Pepsin
enzyme that breaks down proteins
Constipation
-Infrequent bowel movements with dry, small stools
-Caused by: dehydration, low fibre, lack of physical activity
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A: drinking contaminated water (vaccine)
Hepatitis B: sexual contact (vaccine)
Hepatitis C: sexual contact (no vaccine)
Cirrhosis
-chronic liver condition where scar tissue replaces healthy tissue
- caused by Chronic alcoholism
- and Hepatitis C
Insulin
lowers blood sugars by making cells permeable to glucose (takes it out of blood and into cells). Stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver, stored as triglycerides in fat)
Diabetes
cells are unable to use glucose for energy. Can cause blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, limb amputation if untreated.
Banting and Best
discovered Insulin
Peptic ulcers
A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, where HCL and pepsin are present, tha unprotected tissue comes into contact with acidic gastric juices
IBS
inflammation in the intestines
Crohns Disease
affect any part from the mouth to the anus, immune system attacks villi
Ulcerative colitis
attacks the colon, loose stools, cramps, abdominal pain
Colon cancer
cancerous cells are present in the wall of the large intestine.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
affects lower esophageal sphincter, a reverse flow of stomach’s contents into the esophagus
Human lungs require
Water to exchange gas
Worms respiration
diffuse air through their skin, so their body needs to be slimy and moist.
Frogs respiration
have similar systems to worms and humans
Sponge respiration
absorbs air
Spiders
have lungs on the abdominal side and can open and close the lungs
Gills and respiration
Water goes in through the mouth and out through the gills, opposite the direction of the blood. Blood and water has the most oxygen at that point. Blood absorbs the oxygen through the water. Lowest oxygen points are on opposite ends.
Larynx
vocal chords, two flaps of cartilage, vibrate when air passes through
Trachea
Semicircular cartilage rings to prevent collapse, cilia and mucus, passage of air to 2 bronchi to filter particles through mouth
Pharynx
connects nasal and oral cavity to larynx, cilia to move food towards mouth
Bronchi
branches off to bronchioles that lead to alveoli, full cartilage rings to support
Bronchioles
expand and contract to regulate air flow, carry air to alveoli, small passageways, no cartilage rings
Alveoli
surrounded by capillaries, that leads to diaphragm, 150 million tiny sacs, surfactants: anti-stick materials to keep the alveoli from sticking together
Diaphragm
increases and decreases volume of chest cavity, dome shaped, thin, muscular
Pleural membrane
surrounds lungs and lines chest cavity, reduces friction, filled with fluid that reduces friction
Inspiration
taking air into the lungs, occurs when pressure inside the lungs is lower than the pressure outside (atmospheric pressure)
Expiration
the act of breathing out, occurs when pressure inside the lungs is greater than pressure outside the lungs
Tidal volume
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement, normal fluctuations
Inspiratory capacity
total volume of air that can be taken in
Inspiratory reserve volume
distance between normal breath capacity and max
Expiratory reserve volume
additional volume that can be forced out of lungs
Expiratory capacity
total volume that can be exhaled
Residual volume
the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways of the respiratory system even after full exhalation (prevents collapse, no gas exchange happens)
Myogenic muscle
not attached to nerve
Sinoatrial node
pacemaker sends signals to heart to start the beat
Atrioventricular node
impulse passed into ventricles
Purkinje fibers
pass through septum to carry rhythm
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary, sympathetic (responds to stress), parasympathetic (responds to relaxation)
Diastolic pressure
lowest pressure, atria fill with blood
Systolic pressure
highest pressure, blood going out of heart
VO2 Max
volume of oxygen your heart uses per minute, max amount of oxygen a person can use during the most intense exercise
Endoderm
innermost layer, digestive, respiratory tracts
Mesoderm
middle layer, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels
Ectoderm
outer layer, skin
Open circulatory system
-No closed vessels
-Interstitial fluid surround cells
-Sinus: body cavity surrounding internal organs
Closed circulatory system
-True blood vessels
-Pumping system
-O2 and nutrient to cells
-Takes waste away from cells
-Chemical messages
-Maintain balance
-Transport immune cells
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary circuit (right) delivers blood to the right atrium through the inferior or superior vena cava. Then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Ventricle contracts and the pulmonary valve opens up to go to the pulmonary artery (left) to lungs back to the left atrium.
takes to lungs
Systemic circuit
Left atrium through the mitral valve, into the left ventricle. Goes from the aortic valve through the aorta.
takes to tissue
Hearts in non-mammals
Reptiles-3 chambers
fish-2 chambers
worm-no chambers
Septum
Separates incoming and outgoing blood
Ventricle
pumps blood
Atria
holds blood
Semilunar valves
prevents back flow
Arteries
carry blood away from heart, rich in oxygen (except for pulmonary artery), connective tissue and muscle, walls elastic and thicks, precapillary sphincters control blood flow
Veins
carry blood to heart, oxygen poor (except for pulmonary veins), valves push blood towards heart, smooth surface
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
No nucleus and biconcave=max oxygen
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Red blood count outnumbers white blood count by 700:1
Vital in immune system, concentrated in lymph nodes
Platelets
fragmented red blood cells, initiate blood clotting, no nucleus, fragile (rupture over torn blood vessel)
Thromboplastin
reacts with calcium and prothrombin to produce thrombin. Thombrin reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin. Fibrin spreads to cover a cut.
Function of blood
-Transports nutrients from intestine
-Transports gasses
-Transports and removes waste (minerals and cell waste to kidneys for excretion, C02 from cells to lungs for expiration)
Coutercurrent heat exchange
keeps heat in blood by hot blood being right next to cold blood, keeping the core warmer (we do not have this, animals in arctic do)
Gas exchange in plants
happens at the leaves
Circulatory system in plants
-Have tubing for transport (like our veins and arteries), like celery
-Roots (underground) for anchorage, absorption, storage, transport
-Shoots (aboveground, leaf, stem) for photosynthesis, reproduction, transport, storage
Meristem tissue
actively dividing undifferentiated cells found where plant growth takes place
Primary growth in plants
what makes the plant taller. Happens at the apical meristems (stems, roots, buds)
Secondary growth in plants
widens the plant, happens at the lateral meristems (stems and roots)
Palisade mesophyll
layer of columns under the upper surface of a leaf (tight) highest photosynthesis cells
Spongy mesophyll
layer of loose photosynthetic cells with large air spaces under the lower surface of a leaf, pockets of gases
Veins (vascular bundle) in plants
vascular tissue, xylem (water), phloem (sugars)
Guard cell in plants
open and close stomata
Stoma in plants
gas passes in and out of
Xylem cells
Tracheids: elongated, tapered xylem
Vessel element: shorter, blunt ended
Phloem cells
Sieve cells
Sieve tube elements: lack organelles, depend on companion cells + companion cells
