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Body Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 essential nutrients

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbohydrates (sugar and starch)
  3. Proteins
  4. Minerals (calcium, iron)
  5. Vitamins (vitamin D)
  6. Lipids (fats)
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2
Q

Organic molecules

A

Contain a carbon-hydrogen bond

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3
Q

4 macromolecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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4
Q

What are carbohydrates made of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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5
Q

Simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
Disaccharides: sucrose and lactose

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6
Q

Complex carbs

A

Polysaccharides: starch and glycogen

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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8
Q

Glycerol

A

3 carbon atoms, each attached to a fatty acid chain, half a glucose molecule

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9
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fat used for energy

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10
Q

Phospholipids

A

form cell membranes
eg. butter

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11
Q

Polypeptides

A

chains for hundreds of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

-A water molecule added to a macromolecule
-Breaks the chemical bonds that hold together the small molecules from which the macromolecules

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13
Q

Vitamins and purposes

A

-A-good vision, healthy skin and bones (fruits)
-B1- metabolizing carbohydrates, growth and muscle tone (beans)
-C-boosting immune system, healthy bones, teeth, gums and blood vessels (fruit)
-D-absorbing calcium, forming bone (fish)
-E-strengthening red blood cell membranes (fruit)

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14
Q

Minerals and purposes

A

-Calcium-forming bone, conducting nerve singlas, contracting muscles, clotting blood (dairy)
-Iron-producing hemoglobin (red meat)
-Magnesium-supporting enzyme functions, producing protein (dark, leafy greens)
-Potassium- conducting nerve signals, contracting muscle (grains)
-Sodium-conducting nerve signals balancing body fluids (salt)

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15
Q

Benefits of water

A

-Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
-Flushing toxins from the cells
-Lubricating tissues and joints
-Forming essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus
-Regulating body temperature (sweating)
-Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)

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16
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Digestion inside the cell, phagocytosis - cell engulfs the food
Ex: single-celled organisms (paramecium, amoeba)‏

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17
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestion outside the cells, food enters a tube and exits from the other end
Ex: most animals, human digestive tract

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18
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

The physical breakdown of large food into smaller ones. Achieved through chewing, mashing, chopping, breaking food into smaller pieces.

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19
Q

Chemical digestion

A

the chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

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20
Q

What does fat decompose to

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

What do proteins break into

A

amino acids

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22
Q

What do carbs break into

A

polysaccharides break down to monosaccharides

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23
Q

What breaks down carbs, proteins, and lipids

A

Carbohydrates, proteinases, lipases

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24
Q

Ingestion

A

taking in food

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25
Q

Digestion

A

breaking down foods nutrients

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26
Q

Absorption

A

cells taking in nutrients

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27
Q

Egestion

A

removing leftover waste

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28
Q

Steps of digestion

A
  1. bolus goes to pharynx
  2. passes epiglottis and goes down esophagus using peristalsis
  3. passes through lower esophageal sphincter
  4. rugae churns the bolus and it mixes with gastric juice
  5. stomach absorbs nutrients and chyme passes through pyloric sphincter
  6. goes to duodenum
  7. pancreas neutralizes chymes acidity and jejunum absorbs nutrients
  8. Ileum compacts the waste
  9. goes through caecum
  10. colon absorbs water and hardens poop
  11. goes to rectum and gets shaped
  12. anal sphincter loosens and it passes through the anus
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29
Q

Purpose of the liver

A

-most of glycogen is stored here, vitamins A, D, E, K, detoxifies poisons that are ingested
-makes bile (lots of lipases) that enters through the bile duct

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30
Q

Pepsin

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins

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31
Q

Constipation

A

-Infrequent bowel movements with dry, small stools
-Caused by: dehydration, low fibre, lack of physical activity

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32
Q

Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A: drinking contaminated water (vaccine)
Hepatitis B: sexual contact (vaccine)
Hepatitis C: sexual contact (no vaccine)

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33
Q

Cirrhosis

A

-chronic liver condition where scar tissue replaces healthy tissue
- caused by Chronic alcoholism
- and Hepatitis C

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34
Q

Insulin

A

lowers blood sugars by making cells permeable to glucose (takes it out of blood and into cells). Stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver, stored as triglycerides in fat)

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35
Q

Diabetes

A

cells are unable to use glucose for energy. Can cause blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, limb amputation if untreated.

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36
Q

Banting and Best

A

discovered Insulin

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37
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, where HCL and pepsin are present, tha unprotected tissue comes into contact with acidic gastric juices

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38
Q

IBS

A

inflammation in the intestines

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39
Q

Crohns Disease

A

affect any part from the mouth to the anus, immune system attacks villi

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40
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

attacks the colon, loose stools, cramps, abdominal pain

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41
Q

Colon cancer

A

cancerous cells are present in the wall of the large intestine.

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42
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

affects lower esophageal sphincter, a reverse flow of stomach’s contents into the esophagus

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43
Q

Human lungs require

A

Water to exchange gas

44
Q

Worms respiration

A

diffuse air through their skin, so their body needs to be slimy and moist.

45
Q

Frogs respiration

A

have similar systems to worms and humans

46
Q

Sponge respiration

A

absorbs air

47
Q

Spiders

A

have lungs on the abdominal side and can open and close the lungs

48
Q

Gills and respiration

A

Water goes in through the mouth and out through the gills, opposite the direction of the blood. Blood and water has the most oxygen at that point. Blood absorbs the oxygen through the water. Lowest oxygen points are on opposite ends.

49
Q

Larynx

A

vocal chords, two flaps of cartilage, vibrate when air passes through

50
Q

Trachea

A

Semicircular cartilage rings to prevent collapse, cilia and mucus, passage of air to 2 bronchi to filter particles through mouth

51
Q

Pharynx

A

connects nasal and oral cavity to larynx, cilia to move food towards mouth

52
Q

Bronchi

A

branches off to bronchioles that lead to alveoli, full cartilage rings to support

53
Q

Bronchioles

A

expand and contract to regulate air flow, carry air to alveoli, small passageways, no cartilage rings

54
Q

Alveoli

A

surrounded by capillaries, that leads to diaphragm, 150 million tiny sacs, surfactants: anti-stick materials to keep the alveoli from sticking together

55
Q

Diaphragm

A

increases and decreases volume of chest cavity, dome shaped, thin, muscular

56
Q

Pleural membrane

A

surrounds lungs and lines chest cavity, reduces friction, filled with fluid that reduces friction

57
Q

Inspiration

A

taking air into the lungs, occurs when pressure inside the lungs is lower than the pressure outside (atmospheric pressure)

58
Q

Expiration

A

the act of breathing out, occurs when pressure inside the lungs is greater than pressure outside the lungs

59
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement, normal fluctuations

60
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

total volume of air that can be taken in

61
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

distance between normal breath capacity and max

62
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be forced out of lungs

63
Q

Expiratory capacity

A

total volume that can be exhaled

64
Q

Residual volume

A

the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways of the respiratory system even after full exhalation (prevents collapse, no gas exchange happens)

65
Q

Myogenic muscle

A

not attached to nerve

66
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker sends signals to heart to start the beat

67
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

impulse passed into ventricles

68
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

pass through septum to carry rhythm

69
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary, sympathetic (responds to stress), parasympathetic (responds to relaxation)

70
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

lowest pressure, atria fill with blood

71
Q

Systolic pressure

A

highest pressure, blood going out of heart

72
Q

VO2 Max

A

volume of oxygen your heart uses per minute, max amount of oxygen a person can use during the most intense exercise

73
Q

Endoderm

A

innermost layer, digestive, respiratory tracts

74
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle layer, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels

75
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer, skin

76
Q

Open circulatory system

A

-No closed vessels
-Interstitial fluid surround cells
-Sinus: body cavity surrounding internal organs

77
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

-True blood vessels
-Pumping system
-O2 and nutrient to cells
-Takes waste away from cells
-Chemical messages
-Maintain balance
-Transport immune cells

78
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Pulmonary circuit (right) delivers blood to the right atrium through the inferior or superior vena cava. Then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Ventricle contracts and the pulmonary valve opens up to go to the pulmonary artery (left) to lungs back to the left atrium.
takes to lungs

79
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Left atrium through the mitral valve, into the left ventricle. Goes from the aortic valve through the aorta.
takes to tissue

80
Q

Hearts in non-mammals

A

Reptiles-3 chambers
fish-2 chambers
worm-no chambers

81
Q

Septum

A

Separates incoming and outgoing blood

82
Q

Ventricle

A

pumps blood

83
Q

Atria

A

holds blood

84
Q

Semilunar valves

A

prevents back flow

85
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart, rich in oxygen (except for pulmonary artery), connective tissue and muscle, walls elastic and thicks, precapillary sphincters control blood flow

86
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to heart, oxygen poor (except for pulmonary veins), valves push blood towards heart, smooth surface

87
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
No nucleus and biconcave=max oxygen

88
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Red blood count outnumbers white blood count by 700:1
Vital in immune system, concentrated in lymph nodes

89
Q

Platelets

A

fragmented red blood cells, initiate blood clotting, no nucleus, fragile (rupture over torn blood vessel)

90
Q

Thromboplastin

A

reacts with calcium and prothrombin to produce thrombin. Thombrin reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin. Fibrin spreads to cover a cut.

91
Q

Function of blood

A

-Transports nutrients from intestine
-Transports gasses
-Transports and removes waste (minerals and cell waste to kidneys for excretion, C02 from cells to lungs for expiration)

92
Q

Coutercurrent heat exchange

A

keeps heat in blood by hot blood being right next to cold blood, keeping the core warmer (we do not have this, animals in arctic do)

93
Q

Gas exchange in plants

A

happens at the leaves

94
Q

Circulatory system in plants

A

-Have tubing for transport (like our veins and arteries), like celery
-Roots (underground) for anchorage, absorption, storage, transport
-Shoots (aboveground, leaf, stem) for photosynthesis, reproduction, transport, storage

95
Q

Meristem tissue

A

actively dividing undifferentiated cells found where plant growth takes place

96
Q

Primary growth in plants

A

what makes the plant taller. Happens at the apical meristems (stems, roots, buds)

97
Q

Secondary growth in plants

A

widens the plant, happens at the lateral meristems (stems and roots)

98
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

layer of columns under the upper surface of a leaf (tight) highest photosynthesis cells

99
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

layer of loose photosynthetic cells with large air spaces under the lower surface of a leaf, pockets of gases

100
Q

Veins (vascular bundle) in plants

A

vascular tissue, xylem (water), phloem (sugars)

101
Q

Guard cell in plants

A

open and close stomata

102
Q

Stoma in plants

A

gas passes in and out of

103
Q

Xylem cells

A

Tracheids: elongated, tapered xylem
Vessel element: shorter, blunt ended

104
Q

Phloem cells

A

Sieve cells
Sieve tube elements: lack organelles, depend on companion cells + companion cells

105
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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