Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

Study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Passing of genetic information from parent to offspring through reproduction (Inderidance)

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3
Q

DNA

A

Hereditary information

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4
Q

What does the sequence of the bases of DNA do?

A

They are a code for the making of a trait/protein for the organism

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5
Q

The nucleus contains

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

Genes

A

section of chromosomes that determines traits/charactoristics

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7
Q

most complex to least complex

A

cell
nucleus
chromosomes
genes
DNA

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Due to the process of meiosis in forming sperms and eggs, each parent will give the offspring 1/2 of their chromosomes. The offspring will be a combination of each parents..

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9
Q

Segregation

A

Separation of the homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Gametes separate from their homologous

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10
Q

Recombination

A

New combination of homologous chromosomes is created during fertilization.

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11
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes on the same chromosome will usually move together in meiosis. Ex: red hair and freckles

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12
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of a portion of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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13
Q

Variation

A

Variation happens due to segregation, recombination, and crossing over.

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14
Q

Self Pollination

A

Sperm and egg from the same flower.

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15
Q

Cross Pollination

A

Sperm and egg from different flowers.

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16
Q

Traits

A

Characteristics that appear in organisms

17
Q

homologous pairs

A

same size and Carrie genes for the same traits but form of gene (allele) may differ.

18
Q

Hybrid

A

plant that has descended from parents with different forms of a trait (heterozygous)

19
Q

F1 Generation

A

Purebred round x Pure wrinkled
(All offspring appeared round, but still are hybrids)

20
Q

F2 Generation

A

Hybrid x Hybrid
(3 round and one wrinkled appeared)

21
Q

Law of segregation and recombination

A

these factors in the parents separate in the forming of sex cells and recombine in the offspring (meiosis and fertilization)

22
Q

Dominant/recessive

A

The dominant allele will always be expressed if at least one is present. Recessive traits are only expressed if both alleles are recessive.

23
Q

Gregor Mandel

A

Known as “Father of Genetics”
Studied traits in pea plants
Studied Reproduction in Flowers

24
Q

process of plant fertilization

A

1.) sperm are in pollen on another
2.) Eggs in ovaries
3.) Sperm land on stigma and travels down pistol
4.) Seed forms and ovary becomes fruit

25
Genotype
Two alleles an organism has for a trait. Ex: characteristic, seed color
26
Phenotype
How the trait is shown in the individual's physical appearance
27
homozygous/purebred
Both alleles are the same
28
Heterozygous/hybrid
Different alleles
29
Tt
heterozygous/hyrdrid dominant shows
30
TT
Homozygous/purebred dominant shows
31
Incomplete Dominance
Two alleles can blend to form an intermediate trait. Straight hair allele and curly hair allele blend to show wavy hair.
32
tt
homozygous ressesive shows
33
Co-dominance
Two different alleles can both show up in the organism.
34
Poly genetic traits
some traits involve more than one set of genes. Height in humans
35
Punnet squares
Used to predict the possibility of traits appearing in the offspring