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ZOOLONE > GENETICS > Flashcards

GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic material
Polymer of nucleotides
Each consists of Nitrogenous base, Sugar, Phosphate group

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

Reported that DNA composition varies from one species to another

A

Erwin Chargaff

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3
Q

In any species, the number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are also equal

A

Chargaff’s rule

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4
Q

Introduced the double-helical model structure based on Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography of the DNA molecule

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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5
Q

What rule is
adenine (A) is paired only with _____, and guanine (G) only with _______

A

thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
chargaff’s rule

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6
Q

2 strands of DNA are complementary
Each strand acts a template for building a new strand in replication
Parent molecule unwind 2 new daughter strands

A

Base Pairing

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7
Q

predicts that when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one newly made strand

A

Watson and Crick’s semiconservative model of replication

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8
Q

begins at particular sites called origins of replication

A

DNA Replication

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9
Q

where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”. Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until the entire molecule is copied

A

origins of replication

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10
Q

Y-shaped region at the end of each replication bubble where new DNA strands are elongating

A

Replication fork

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11
Q

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication fork

A

Helicases

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12
Q

Bind to and stabilize single- stranded DNA

A

Single-strand binding proteins

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13
Q

corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA
strands

A

Topoisomerase

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14
Q

Enzyme for the initiation of the RNA chain
Adds RNA nucleotides one at a time

A

Primase

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15
Q

Catalyze the elongation of the new DNA at the replication fork

A

DNA polymerase

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16
Q

The antiparallel structure of the double helix affects the replication.
DNA polymerases only add nucleotides to the free 3’ end of a growing strand
Newly formed strand can only elongate in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

Antiparallel Elongation

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17
Q

DNA strand synthesized by the DNA polymerase that moves toward the replication fork

A

Leading strand

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18
Q

DNA polymerase working on a new DNA strand away from the replication fork

A

Lagging strand

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19
Q

Segments formed from the lagging strand Later on joined by the DNA ligase

A

Okazaki fragments

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20
Q

Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules

A

Limitations of DNA polymerase create problems for the linear DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes
The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5’ ends, so repeated rounds of replication produce shorter DNA molecules with uneven ends

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21
Q

Special nucleotide sequences found at the eukaryotic chromosomal DNA ends
Do not prevent shortening of DN molecules
Postpone the erosion of genes near the DNA molecules

A

Telomeres

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22
Q

It has been proposed that the shortening of telomeres is connected to

A

aging

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23
Q

Principles that Account for Passing of Traits from Parents to Offspring

A

“Blended” Hypothesis
“Particulate” Hypothesis

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24
Q

Genetic material from 2 parents blend together

A

“Blended” Hypothesis

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25
Q

Parents pass discrete heritable units (genes)

A

“Particulate” Hypothesis

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26
Q

Heritable feature that varies among individuals, ex flower color

A

Character

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27
Q

Each variant for a character
ex Purple or white color of flower

A

Trait

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28
Q

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self- pollinate (“P generation”)

A

True-breeding

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29
Q

Mating of 2 contrasting, true- breeding varieties

A

Hybridization

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30
Q

Hybrid offspring of the P generation

A

F1 generation

31
Q

When F, individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids, what are their offsprings called

A

F2 generation

32
Q

When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white- and purple- flowered pea plants, all of the F1 hybrids were purple

When Mendel crossed the F1 hybrids, many of the F2 plants had purple flowers, but some had white

Ratio of about three to one, purple to white flowers, in the F2 generation

Purple flower color= dominant trait
White flower color= recessive trait

The factor for white flowers was not diluted or destroyed because it reappeared in the F2 generation

A

Law of Segregation

33
Q

What Mendel called a “heritable factor” is what we now call a

A

gene

34
Q

Alternative versions of a gene that accounts for variations in inherited characters

A

Allele

35
Q

Determines the organism’s appearance

A

Dominant allele

36
Q

No noticeable effect on appearance

A

Recessive allele

37
Q

Can show the possible combinations of the sperm and egg

A

Punnett Square

38
Q

represented by uppercase letter

A

Dominant allele

39
Q

represented by lowercase letter

A

Recessive allele

40
Q

Organisms with 2 identical alleles for a character

A

Homozygous

41
Q

Organisms with 2 different alleles for the gene controlling the character
Not true-breeding

A

Heterozygous

42
Q

used to determine gene type

A

test cross

43
Q

physical appearance

A

Phenotype

44
Q

genetic makeup

A

Genotype

45
Q

A cross between such heterozygotes

A

Monohybrid cross

46
Q

A cross between F, dihybrids
Can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently

A

Dihybrid cross

47
Q

Developed from using the dihybrid cross States that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

Applied only to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome

Genes located near each other on the
same chromosome tend to be inherited
together

A

Law of Independent Assortment

48
Q

Laws of Dominance (3)

A

Complete dominance, Incomplete dominance, Codominance

49
Q

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

A

Complete dominance

50
Q

Phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

A

Incomplete dominance

51
Q

dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

Codominance

52
Q

are simply variations in a gene’s nucleotide sequence

A

Alleles

53
Q

_____ of alleles depend on the level at which we examine the phenotype

A

dominance/ recessiveness

54
Q

Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms

A

Multiple Alleles

55
Q

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called

A

Pleiotropy

56
Q

ex of Pleiotropy

A

Sickle-Cell Disease

57
Q

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at the second locus

A

Epistasis

58
Q

ex of Epistasis

A

coat color of animals Depends on 2 genes

59
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

A

Polygenic Inheritance

60
Q

Polygenic Inheritance ex

A

human skin

61
Q

includes its physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior
reflects its overall genotype and unique environmental history

A

phenotype

62
Q

A family tree that describes the inter-relationships of parents and children across generations
Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using this
can also be used to make predictions about future offspring

A

Pedigree

63
Q

usually inherited in a recessive manner
Range from relatively mild to life- threatening

Show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele

A

genetic disorders

64
Q

Recessive condition characterized by a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair

A

Albinism

65
Q

disorders caused by dominant alleles, Cause lethal disease but rare and Arise by mutation

A

Dominantly Inherited Disorders

66
Q

A form of dwarfism caused by rare dominant allele

A

Achondroplasia

67
Q

Many diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, alcoholism, mental illnesses, and cancer have both genetic and environmental components
No matter what our genotype, our lifestyle has a tremendous effect on phenotype

A

Multifactorial Disorders

68
Q

Fetal Testing types

A

Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

69
Q

Liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested (days)

A

Amniocentesis

70
Q

A sample of the placenta is removed and tested (months)

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

71
Q

Explains the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to make a functional product

A

Central Dogma

72
Q

genetic information from DNA to RNA to make a functional product called

A

protein

73
Q

exaplain process of Central Dogma

A

Replication
DNA → RNA → Protein
Transcription Translation

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