CELL Flashcards
All organisms are made out of this, simplest collection of alive matter, related to their descent, can differ from one to another
Cell
Light passes through a specimen, then to glass lenses in order to refract light and magnify the image (1000x)
Light microscope
Types of electron microscope
Scanning, transmission
Used to view subcellular structures
Electron microscope
The type of electron microscope used to view the surface of the specimen, 3d image
Scanning electron microscope
The type of electron microscope to view internal structures
Transmission electron microscope
Take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one to another and enables scientists to determine their function
Cell fractionation
Cell fractionation process
Suspension
Centrifuge
Aspirate
Basic features of a cell
Plasma membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), chromosomes, ribosomes
No nucleus, dna is found at the nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
Prokaryotic cells
Dna is in a membranous nuclear envelope, membrane bound organelles, has cytoplasm and cytosol
Eukaryotic cells
Selective barrier that allows a sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste to service the volume of every cell
Plasma membrane
Parts of the phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic lipids
Hydrophilic phosphorus heads
Information central, connected to the er and the most conspicuous organelle.
Nucleus
Encloses the nucleus, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Located in the nucleus, may vary in numbers, site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
Has pores that regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
Nucleolus
Composed of proteins that maintains nucleus shape
Nuclear lamina
Protein factories, made out of ribosomal RNA and protein, 2 locations of synthesis
Ribosomes
Site of synthesis of free ribosomes
Cytosol
Site of synthesis of bound ribosomes
ER and nuclear envelope
requires protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
Endomembrane system
Endomembrane system organelles
nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
biosynthetic factory, more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. continuous with nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies, stores calcium ions.
SMOOTH ER
have bound ribosomes and secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory
ROUGH ER
secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
transport vesicle
shipping/receiving center of the cell, modifies products of ER, manufactures certain macromolecules. Sorts/ packages materials into transport vesicles.
golgi apparatus
flattened membranous sacs of the golgi apparatus
cisternae
receiving stage of the golgi apparatus
Cis face
shipping stage of the golgi apparatus
Trans Face
digestive compartments of the cells
Lysosomes
membranous sacs of hydrolyzed enzymes that can digest macromolecules. shares the food
Lysosomes
makes the acidic environment for the lysosomes
lysosomal enzymes
enzymes made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum
hydrolytic and lysosomal enzymes
Lysosome’s way of digesting food
Phagocytosis
diverse maintenance compartments, large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Types of Vacuoles
food vacuole
contractile vacuole
central vacuole
for phagocytosis
food vacuole
used by fresh water protists to pump out water from the cell
contractile vacuole
native to plants, hold organic compounds and water
central vacuole
two organelles tat change energy from one from to another. double membraned, contain free ribos
mitochondria and chloroplast
cellular respiration site and uses oxygen to generate atp
mitochondria
plants/algae, sites of photosynthesis
chloroplast
this is where an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cells, it evolved to have a mitochondria. it later engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote which later evolved to have a chloroplast
endosymbiont theory
chemical energy conversion, smooth outer membrane
Mitochondria
folded inner membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix that has free ribosomes
cristae
specialized metabolic compartments, produces hydrogen peroxide and convert to water, relation with other organelles is still unknown
peroxisomes
network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell. Help support the stages of the cell. help support and maintain the shapes of the cell.
cytoskeleton
thickest of the 3 types of cytoskeleton, hollow tubes, maintains the cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movement in cell division, organelle movement.
Microtubules
The centrosome has a pair of centrioles. Each with 9 triplets of _____ arranged in a ring
Microtubules
Under Microtubules, microtubules control its beating. microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells
Cilia and flagella
motion of flagella
straight line
motion of Cilia
uses power stoke and recovery strokes
A motor protein, which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum
dynein
How dynein “walking” moves cilia and flagella?
Dynein arms alternately grab, move, and release the outer microtubules
Protein cross-links limit sliding
Forces exerted by dynein arms cause doublets to curve, bending the cilium or flagellum
A type of microtubules
Actin filaments and the Thinnest. It helps with the Maintenance of cell shape and Changes in cell shape. Muscle contraction and Cell motility. aids in Division of animal cells
Microfilaments
A type of microtubules
Fibers with diameters in a middle range. Fibrous proteins coiled into cables
Helps in the Maintenance of cell shape. Anchorage of nucleus and some other organelles. Formation of nuclear lamina
Intermediate filaments
Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate structure made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
Extracellular Matrix of animal cells
proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane
integrins
types of Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions
Member of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Tight Junctions
“anchoring junctions” Fasten cells together into strong sheets
Desmosomes
“communicating junctions” Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Gap Junctions
