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ZOOLONE > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions. The cells extract energy and apply it to perform work

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Starts with a specific molecule
Ends with a product

A

Metabolic pathway

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3
Q

Consume energy to build complex molecules
from simpler molecules

A

Anabolic pathway

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4
Q

Release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler compounds

A

Catabolic pathway

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5
Q

Transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules
The released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP

A

Redox Reactions

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6
Q

Substance loses electron

A

Oxidation

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7
Q

Substance gains electron, Amount of positive charge is reduced

A

Reduction

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8
Q

Electron donor

A

Reducing agent

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9
Q

Electron acceptor

A

Oxidizing agent

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10
Q

During cellular respiration, what happens?

A

fuel is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

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11
Q

C6H12O6+602+ 6CO2+ 6H2O+ Energy (ATP + heat)

A

Cellular respiration

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12
Q

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, but often used to refer to aerobic respiration
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel
Helpful to trace cellular respiration with glucose

A

Cellular Respiration

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13
Q

Key player in cellular respiration
Energy source for all cells Considered as the “energy currency” of the cell
Releases large amounts of energy when converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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14
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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15
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen

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16
Q

FAD or FADH2

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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17
Q

3 Stages of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation

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18
Q

1st, Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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19
Q

2nd, Completes the breakdown of glucose

A

Citric Acid Cycle

20
Q

3rd, ATP synthesis

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

21
Q

presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters mitochondrion
Oxidation of glucose is completed
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl COA)
The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from
pyruvate
1ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

A

Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

22
Q

Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
product

A

1ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

23
Q

Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
how many steps

A

has 8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

24
Q

NADH and FADH2 produced by the kreb’s cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the

A

electron transport chain

25
Q

ETC occurs at the cristae of the mitochondrion

Most of the chain’s components are proteins

Carriers alternate in reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to oxygen, forming water

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

26
Q

Use of energy in a H* gradient to drive cellular work

Electron transfer in the ETC causes proteins to pump H* from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

H’ moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex, ATP synthase

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H to drive phosphorylation of ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

27
Q

During cellular respiration, most energy flow in this particular sequence

A

Glucose + NADH → ETC → Proton-motive Force → ATP

28
Q

work that they need to do before producing atp

A

Proton-motive Force

29
Q

glycolysis produces how many atps

A

2 atps

30
Q

citric acid cycle produces how many atps

A

2 atps

31
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC + Chemiosmosis) how many atps

A

26 to 28 atps

32
Q

Most cellular respiration requires ______ to produce ATP
Without the presence of ______, ETC will not push through

A

oxygen

33
Q

_____ will couple with anaerobic
respiration or fermentation to produce ATP

A

Glycolysis

34
Q

Uses etc with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen, uses sulfate

A

Anaerobic respiration

35
Q

Uses substrate level phosphorylation instead of ETC to produce ATP (anaerobic respiration)

A

Fermentation

36
Q

Yeast and many bacteria
Can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
Pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that
leads to two alternative catabolic routes

A

Facultative anaerobes

37
Q

Carry out fermentation, cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

38
Q

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps Release of carbon dioxide
Produce ethanol
o Uses yeast
o Brewing, winemaking, baking

A

Alcohol fermentation

39
Q

Pyruvate is reduced to NADH
End product: lactate
No carbon dioxide is released
Process where fungi or bacteria are used to make cheese and yogurt

A

Lactic acid fermentation

40
Q

Human muscle cells use ______ fermentation to generate ATP when oxygen is
scarce

A

lactic acid

41
Q

funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates

A

Catabolic pathways

42
Q

must be digested to amino acids

A

Proteins

43
Q

can also feed glycolysis or the Krebs cycle

A

Amino groups

44
Q

Used in generating acetyl CoA Broken down by beta oxidation

A

Fatty acid

45
Q

fats that is used for Glycolysis

A

Glycerol

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