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Personality PSYC 321 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

human genome

A
  • refers to complete set of genes that an organism possess
  • genome contains 30k-80k genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • small nb of genes = different for different individuals
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2
Q

Human Genome project

A
  • designed to sequence the entire human genome
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3
Q

controversy

A
  • behavioural geneticists attempt to determine the degree to which individual differences are caused by genetic and environmental differences
  • concerns:
    1. ideological concerns: no room for change; suggests plasticity is not present
    2. concerns about renewed interest in eugenics
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4
Q

temperament vs trait

A
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5
Q

goals of behavioural geneticists

A
  1. % of individual differences ina trait that can be attributed to genetic differences/envrionmental differences
  2. ways in which genes and environment interact and correlate with each other to produce individual differences
  3. where in the “environment” environmental effects exist
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6
Q

T or F? Any trait that we still have has served an adaptive purpose

A

true

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7
Q

genotypic variance

A

refers to individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by each person

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8
Q

phenotypic variance

A

refers to observed individual differences, such as height, weight, personality, etc.

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9
Q

heritability

A

proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genetic variance

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10
Q

environmentality

A

proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to environmental variance

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11
Q

epigenetics

A
  • effect of environment on gene expression
  • silent gene becomes expressed; expressed gene becomes silent
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12
Q

heritability misconceptions

A
  • cannot be applied to a single individual
  • not constant
  • not a precise statistic
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13
Q

nature vs nurture?

A
  • no such debate at the individual level
  • influences of genes and environment is only relevant for the discussion of group level variation
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14
Q

diathesis-stress model

A
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15
Q

selective breeding

A
  • occurs by identifying the dogs that
    possess the desired characteristic and having them mate only with other dogs that also possess the characteristic
  • Dog breeders have been successful precisely because many of the qualities they wish specific dog breeds to have are moderately to highly heritable
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16
Q

traditional behavioural genetic methods

A
  • selective breeding studies
  • family studies
  • twin studies
  • adoption studies
17
Q

traditional behavioural genetic methods - selective breeding studies: advantages vs disadvantages

A

advantages:
- can infer heritability if selective breeding works
disadvantages:
- are unethical to conduct on humans

18
Q

traditional behavioural genetic methods - family studies: advantages vs disadvantages

A

advantages:
- provide heritability estimates
disadvantages:
- violate equal environments assumption

19
Q

traditional behavioural genetic methods - twin studies: advantages vs disadvantages

A

advantages:
- provide both heritability and
environmentality estimates
disadvantages:
- sometimes violate equal environments
assumption

20
Q

traditional behavioural genetic methods - adoption studies: advantages vs disadvantages

A

advantages:
- provide both heritability and
environmentality estimates
- get around the problem of equal environments
assumption
disadvantages:
- adopted kids might not be representative of population
- problem of selective placement

21
Q

selective placement

A

if adopted children are placed with
adoptive parents who are similar to their birth parents, then this may inflate the correlations between the adopted children and their adoptive parents

22
Q

do MZ twins seem to be functionally more similar to each other than the environments experienced by the DZ twin?

A

No

23
Q

twin studies

A

if a trait is highly heritable
- family members with greater genetic relatedness should be ore similar to one another on the trait than family members are less closely related
problem:
- members of a family who share the same environment influence the process

24
Q

twin studies: assumptions

A
  1. equal environment assumption
    - because parents provide both genes and environments to their children, and may provide more similar environments for identical than for fraternal twins, there is a potential compromise of the equal environments assumption
  2. representativeness
25
Q

adoption studies

A

genetic parents provide none of the environmental influences on their children, thus unconfounding genetic and environmental causes

26
Q

contrast effect

A
  • children try to be different from siblings
27
Q

birth order effects

A
  • each child experiences parents different
28
Q

Falconer’s formula: calculting heritability

A

2 = 2(rmz - rdz)
refer to p. 168 of textbook

29
Q

major statistical findings in personality

A
  • heritability estimates for major personality traits of about 0.20-0.45
  • some studies suggest as high as 48% across all 5 traits
  • stability of these traits
30
Q

major findings: attitude and preference

A

wide variance in heitability of attitudes

31
Q

major findings: drinking and smoking

A
  • behavioural manifestations of personality traits (sensation seeking, extraversion, neuroticism)
  • drinking alcohol and smoking cigs are stable over time
  • both show evidence of heritability
32
Q

shared vs nonshared environmental influences

A

personality characteristics show heritability in 30-50% range
- hence showing substantial degree of environmentalism (50-70% range)

33
Q

shared vs nonshared environmental influences: types of environmental influences

A
  1. shared
    - in family environement, features of the environment shared by siblings
    - e.g. nb of books in home
  2. nonshared
    - in family environment, features of the environment that differ across siblings
    - e.g. teachers, friends
34
Q

genotype-environment interaction

A
  • differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environments (e.g. task performance of introverts vs extraverts in quiet vs noisy conditions)
  • differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments
  • genotype-environemnt correlations can be + or (passive, reactive, active)
35
Q

passive genotype-environment correlation

A
  • parents provide both genes and environemnt to children, yet children do nothing to obtain that environment
  • e.g. child’s verbal ability and nb of books at home
36
Q

reactive genotype-environment correlation

A
  • parents (or others) respond to children differently depending on child’s genotype
  • e.g. baby’s liking for cuddling and mother’s cuddling
37
Q

active genotype-environment correlation

A
  • person with particular genotypes seek out a particular environment
  • high sensation seekers expose themselves to risky environments

Personality PSYC 321 (12 decks)

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